1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 5, 1864, and November 7, 1865, in the midst of the American Civil War and President Abraham Lincoln's reelection. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. Members were elected before the first session of the 39th United States Congress convened on December 4, 1865, including the at-large seat from the new state of Nevada, and the 8 from Tennessee, the first secessionist state to be readmitted. The other 10 secessionist states had not yet been readmitted, and therefore were not seated.

1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1862 & 1863June 5, 1864 – November 7, 1865[a]1866 & 1867 →

All 193[b] seats in the United States House of Representatives
97 seats needed for a majority
 Majority partyMinority party
 
LeaderSchuyler ColfaxJames Brooks
PartyNational UnionDemocratic
Leader's seatIndiana 9thNew York 8th
Last election110 seats[c]72 seats
Seats won15033
Seat changeIncrease 40Decrease 39
Popular vote2,078,677[c]1,631,393
Percentage53.47%41.97%
SwingDecrease 0.78%[d]Decrease 3.14%

 Third partyFourth party
 
PartyConservativeRadical Democracy
Last electionNew partyNew party
Seats won54
Seat changeIncrease 5Increase 4
Popular vote84,99854,008
Percentage2.19%1.39%
SwingNew partyNew party

 Fifth party
 
PartyIndependent
Last election2 seats
Seats won1[e]
Seat changeDecrease 1
Popular vote41,360
Percentage1.06%
SwingIncrease 0.50%

Results
     National Unionist gain      National Unionist hold
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold

Speaker before election

Schuyler Colfax
Republican

Elected Speaker

Schuyler Colfax
Republican

The opposition Democrats were deeply divided between the Copperheads, a group that demanded an immediate negotiated settlement with the Confederate States of America, and the War Democrats, who supported the war. With the Democrats lacking any coherent message, they lost half their seats to Lincoln's Republican Party, who increased their majority to a commanding level.

The National Union Party (formerly known as the Unionists) lost seven seats, retaining control of 18 seats (some classify the Representatives as including 13 Unconditional Unionists and five Unionists), all from the border states of Maryland, Tennessee, and Kentucky, as well as West Virginia.

Election summaries

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One new seat was added for the new State of Nevada[1] and 8 vacancies were filled by the readmission of Tennessee, the first secessionist state to be readmitted. Three former Confederate States held elections in 1865 that were rejected by Congress.

3813718
DemocraticRepublicanUnionist
StateTypeDateTotal
seats
DemocraticRepublicanUnionist[f]
SeatsChangeSeatsChangeSeatsChange
OregonAt-largeJune 5, 186410 1 0
VermontDistrictSeptember 6, 186430 3 0
MaineDistrictSeptember 11, 186450 15 10
IndianaDistrictOctober 10, 1864112 59 50
Nevada[g]At-large10 1 10
OhioDistrict192 1217 120
PennsylvaniaDistrict248 416 40
West VirginiaDistrictOctober 22, 186430 0 3
CaliforniaDistrict[h]November 8, 1864
(Election Day)[i]
30 3 0
DelawareAt-large11 0 0
IllinoisDistrict +
1 at-large
143 611 60
IowaDistrict60 6 0
KansasAt-large10 1 0
MarylandDistrict52 10 3 1
MassachusettsDistrict100 10 0
MichiganDistrict60 16 10
MinnesotaDistrict20 2 0
MissouriDistrict91 18[e] 70 8
New JerseyDistrict53 12 10
New YorkDistrict3110 721 70
WisconsinDistrict61 25 20
Late elections (after the March 4, 1865 beginning of the term)
New HampshireDistrictMarch 14, 186530 13 10
ConnecticutDistrictApril 3, 186540 14 10
Tennessee[j]DistrictAugust 3, 1865[k]80 0 8 8
Rhode IslandDistrictApril 5, 186520 2 0
KentuckyDistrictAugust 7, 186595 50 4 5
NevadaAt-largeNovember 7, 186510 1 0
Secessionist states not yet readmitted
AlabamaDistrictNovember 6, 1865[l]6
ArkansasDistrictOctober 9, 1865[l]3
FloridaAt-largeNovember 29, 1865[l]1
GeorgiaDistrictNovember 15, 1865[l]7
LouisianaDistrictNovember 6, 1865[l]5
MississippiDistrictOctober 2, 1865[l]5
North CarolinaDistrictNovember 9, 1865[l]7
South CarolinaDistrictNovember 22, 1865[l]4
TexasDistrictOctober 15, 1866[l]4
VirginiaDistrictOctober 12, 1865[l]8
Total[b]193
50 vacancies[m]
38
19.7%
31137[e]
71.0%
4618
9.3%
6
Popular vote
Nat. Union
53.47%
Democratic
41.97%
Conservative
2.19%
Radical
1.39%
Independent
1.06%
Others
0.00%
House seats
Nat. Union
77.72%
Democratic
17.10%
Conservative
2.59%
Radical
2.07%
Independent
0.52%

Of the rejected elections, Florida's and Mississippi's claimants' parties are unknown, while North Carolina elected 4 Union and 3 Conservative Representatives.

Special elections

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38th Congress

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DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Illinois 5Owen LovejoyRepublican1856Incumbent died March 25, 1864.
New member elected May 19, 1864.
Republican hold.
New York 1Henry G. StebbinsDemocratic1862Incumbent resigned October 24, 1864.[3]
New member elected November 8, 1864.
Democratic hold.

39th Congress

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DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Maryland 2Edwin H. WebsterUnconditional Unionist1859Incumbent resigned July 1865.
New member elected November 7, 1865.
Unconditional Unionist hold.
Massachusetts 6Daniel W. GoochNational Union1858 (special)Incumbent resigned September 1, 1865.
New member elected November 7, 1865.
National Union hold.
New York 16Orlando KelloggNational Union1862Incumbent died August 24, 1865.
New member elected November 7, 1865.
National Union hold.

Alabama

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Arizona Territory

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See Non-voting delegates, below.

Arkansas

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California

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California elections

← 1863November 8, 18641867 →

3 seats
 Majority partyMinority party
 
PartyRepublicanDemocratic
Last election30
Seats won30
Seat change
Popular vote62,03943,045
Percentage59.0%41.0%

Results:
     Republican hold

Note: This was the first election in which California elected representatives from congressional districts.

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
California 1
New seat
Cornelius Cole
Redistricted from the at-large district.
Republican1863Unknown if incumbent retired or lost renomination.
New member elected.
California 2
New seat
William Higby
Redistricted from the at-large district.
Republican1863Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y William Higby (Republican) 61.3%
  • James W. Coffroth (Democratic) 38.7%
California 3
New seat
Thomas B. Shannon
Redistricted from the at-large district.
Republican1863Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
  • Y John Bidwell (Republican) 55.8%
  • Jackson Temple (Democratic) 44.2%

Colorado Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

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Dakota Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Delaware

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Florida

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Georgia

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Idaho Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

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Indiana

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Iowa

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Kansas

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Kentucky

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Louisiana

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Maine

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Maryland

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Massachusetts

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DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Massachusetts 1Thomas D. EliotNational Union1858Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 2Oakes AmesNational Union1862Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Oakes Ames (National Union) 72.07%
  • James Maguire (Democratic) 27.93%
Massachusetts 3Alexander H. RiceNational Union1858Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Alexander H. Rice (National Union) 62.35%
  • John S. Sleeper (Democratic) 37.65%
Massachusetts 4Samuel HooperNational Union1861 (special)Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 5John B. AlleyNational Union1858Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John B. Alley (National Union) 75.89%
  • Joseph B. Morse (Democratic) 24.11%
Massachusetts 6Daniel W. GoochNational Union1858Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Daniel W. Gooch (National Union) 71.66%
  • Thomas J. Greenwood (Democratic) 28.34%
Massachusetts 7George S. BoutwellNational Union1862Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y George S. Boutwell (National Union) 68.99%
  • Theodore H. Sweetser (Democratic) 31.01%
Massachusetts 8John D. BaldwinNational Union1862Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y John D. Baldwin (National Union) 74.75%
  • George Hodges (Democratic) 25.25%
Massachusetts 9William B. WashburnNational Union1862Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 10Henry Laurens DawesNational Union1856Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Henry L. Dawes (National Union) 64.74%
  • Harry Arnold (Democratic) 35.26%

Michigan

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Minnesota

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Mississippi

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Missouri

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Montana Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Nevada

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38th Congress

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On October 31, 1864, the new state of Nevada elected Republican Henry G. Worthington to finish the term ending March 3, 1865.

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Nevada at-largeNew stateNew seat.
Republican gain.

39th Congress

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Worthington was not renominated for the next term, however, and on November 7, 1865, Republican Delos R. Ashley was elected November 7, 1865 for the term that had already begun but would not formally meet until December 4, 1865.

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Nevada at-largeHenry G. WorthingtonRepublican1864 (new state)Incumbent lost renomination.[8]
New member elected.
Republican hold.

New Hampshire

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New Jersey

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New Mexico Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

New York

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North Carolina

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Ohio

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Ohio's delegation swung from 14–5 Democratic to 17-2 Republican as 10 Democratic incumbents lost renomination or re-election.

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates[10]
Ohio 1George H. PendletonDemocratic1856Incumbent retired to run for Vice President.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 2Alexander LongDemocratic1862Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 3Robert C. SchenckRepublican1862Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 4John F. McKinneyDemocratic1862Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 5Francis C. Le BlondDemocratic1862Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 6Chilton A. WhiteDemocratic1860Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 7Samuel S. CoxDemocratic1862Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 8William JohnstonDemocratic1862Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 9Warren P. NobleDemocratic1860Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 10James M. AshleyRepublican1862Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 11Wells A. HutchinsDemocratic1862Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 12William E. FinckDemocratic1862Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 13John O'NeillDemocratic1862Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
  • Y Columbus Delano (Republican) 50.5%
  • Charles Follett (Republican) 49.5%
Ohio 14George BlissDemocratic1862Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 15James R. MorrisDemocratic1862Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 16Joseph W. WhiteDemocratic1882Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Ohio 17Ephraim R. EckleyRepublican1862Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 18Rufus P. SpaldingRepublican1862Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 19James A. GarfieldRepublican1862Incumbent re-elected.

Oregon

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Pennsylvania

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Rhode Island

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South Carolina

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Tennessee

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Elections held late, on August 3, 1865.

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Tennessee 1None (vacant due to Civil War)New members elected.
Unionist gain.
Tennessee 2
Tennessee 3
Tennessee 4
Tennessee 5
Tennessee 6
Tennessee 7
Tennessee 8
  • Y John W. Leftwich (Unionist) 47.99%
  • John Bullock (Unionist) 17.21%
  • R. S. Saunders (Unknown) 16.87%
  • William C. Dunlap (Conservative) 15.06%
  • William Hunter (Unknown) 2.87%[19]

Texas

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Utah Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

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Virginia

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Washington Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

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DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
West Virginia 1Jacob B. BlairUnconditional
Unionist
1863Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unconditional Unionist hold.
West Virginia 2William G. Brown Sr.Unconditional
Unionist
1863Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Unconditional Unionist hold.
West Virginia 3Kellian WhaleyUnconditional
Unionist
1863Incumbent re-elected.

Wisconsin

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Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1864.[23]

DistrictIncumbentThis race
MemberPartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Wisconsin 1James S. BrownDemocratic1862Incumbent withdrew from election.
New member elected.
National Union gain.
Wisconsin 2Ithamar SloanRepublican1862Incumbent won re-election on National Union ticket.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 3Amasa CobbRepublican1862Incumbent won re-election on National Union ticket.
Republican hold.
Wisconsin 4Charles A. EldredgeDemocratic1862Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 5Ezra WheelerDemocratic1862Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
National Union gain.
Wisconsin 6Walter D. McIndoeRepublican1862 SpecialIncumbent won re-election on National Union ticket.
Republican hold.

Non-voting delegates

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38th Congress

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DistrictIncumbentThis race
DelegatePartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Arizona Territory at-largeNew districtNew seat.
New delegate elected on an unknown date in 1864.
Republican gain.
Montana Territory at-largeNew districtNew seat.
New delegate elected.[n]
Democratic gain.

39th Congress

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DistrictIncumbentThis race
DelegatePartyFirst electedResultsCandidates
Arizona Territory at-largeCharles Debrille PostonRepublican1864Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected September 6, 1865.
Republican hold.
Colorado Territory at-largeHiram Pitt BennetConservative Republican1861Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold.
Dakota Territory at-largeJohn B. S. ToddDemocratic1862Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Republican gain.
Idaho Territory at-largeWilliam H. WallaceUnionist1860 (Wash. Territory)
1862 (unknown)
1863
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
New delegate elected October 10, 1864.
Democratic gain.
Montana Territory at-largeSamuel McLeanDemocratic1864Incumbent re-elected to the term starting March 4, 1865.[n]
Nebraska Territory at-largeSamuel Gordon DailyRepublican1860 (won contest)Unknown if incumbent retired or lost.
New delegate elected on an unknown date.
Republican hold.
New Mexico Territory at-large
Utah Territory at-large
Washington Territory at-large

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Excludes states admitted after the start of Congress.
  2. ^ a b Including late elections.
  3. ^ a b Represents the combined results of the Republican and Unionist candidates in the last election cycle.
  4. ^ In comparison to the combined results of the Republican and Unionist candidates in the last election cycle.
  5. ^ a b c Includes 1 Independent Republican, John R. Kelso, elected in MO-04.
  6. ^ Including Unconditional Unionists.
  7. ^ New state.
  8. ^ Changed from at-large.
  9. ^ Although "An Act to establish a uniform time for holding elections for electors of President and Vice President in all the States of the Union (28th Congress, 2nd Session, Chapter 1, 5 Stat. 721, enacted January 23, 1845) was only for presidential elections, the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections.
  10. ^ Readmitted state.
  11. ^ Not admitted until July 24, 1866.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rejected election.
  13. ^ There were a total of 50 vacancies remaining, after the readmission of Tennessee.
  14. ^ a b Date speculative, but presumed to be in 1864[25] and 1865.[26]

References

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  1. ^ 14 Stat. 391
  2. ^ "IL District 05 - Special Race - May 19, 1864". Our Campaigns. March 10, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  3. ^ "The Resignation of Hon. Henry G. Stebbins, M.C." The New York Times. October 26, 1864. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  4. ^ "NY District 1 - Special Election Race - Nov 08, 1864". Our Campaigns. March 18, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  5. ^ "MD District 2 Race - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. March 9, 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  6. ^ "MA District 6 - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. January 26, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  7. ^ "NY District 16 - Special Election - Nov 07, 1865". Our Campaigns. May 11, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
  8. ^ a b History of Nevada, p. 87.
  9. ^ History of Nevada, p. 88–89.
  10. ^ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 195, 196.
  11. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  12. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  13. ^ "Vote of the Knoxville District," Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator, 13 September 1865, p. 2.
  14. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  15. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  16. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  17. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  18. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  19. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  20. ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  21. ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  22. ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  23. ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  24. ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Aug 02, 1864".
  25. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Nov 08, 1864". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  26. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 07, 1865". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  27. ^ "Our Campaigns - AZ Territorial Delegate Race - Aug 02, 1865". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
  28. ^ "Our Campaigns - ID Territorial Delegate Race - Oct 10, 1864". www.ourcampaigns.com.

Bibliography

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