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Comparison of display technology

Further information: Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays and History of display technology

This is a comparison of various properties of different display technologies.

General characteristics

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Display technologyScreen shapeLargest known diagonalTypical useUsable in bright room
(in)(cm)
Eidophor front projectionFlat(limited only by brightness)TVNo
Shadow mask CRTSpherical curve or Flat42[1]107TV, Computer monitor,Yes
Aperture grille CRTCylindrical curve or Flat42[2]107TV, Computer monitorYes
Monochrome CRTSpherical curve or Flat30[3]76TV Computer monitor,
Radar display, Oscilloscope		Yes
Direct view Charactron CRTSpherical curve2461Computer monitor,
Radar display		No
CRT self-contained rear-projectionFlat lenticular80[4]203TVYes
CRT front projectionFlat(limited only by brightness)TV or presentationNo
Plasma display panel (PDP)Flat152[5]386TV, Computer monitor
(In some early "portable" computers. They required too much power for battery-powered laptops)[6][7][8][9]		Partial
Direct view LCDFlat110[10]274TV, Computer monitorYes
LCD self-contained rear-projectionFlat lenticular70[11]178TVYes
LCD front-projectionFlat(limited only by brightness)TV or presentationYes
DLP self-contained rear-projectionFlat lenticular120[12]305TVYes
DLP front-projectionFlat(limited only by brightness)TV or presentationYes
LCoS self-contained rear-projectionFlat110[13]279TVYes
LCoS front-projectionFlat(limited only by brightness)TV or presentationYes
Laser self-contained rear projectionFlat lenticular75[14]191TVYes
LEDFlat279.92[15]711Billboards, TVYes
SEDFlat55[16]140Computer monitor, TVYes
FEDFlat??Computer monitor, TVYes
EPD (e-paper)Flat (flexible)??Electronic paperYes
OLEDAny, but most commonly flat rectangular with or without rounded edges, notch(es) and holes, circular, or curved (flexible)[17]88[18]223.52Computer monitor, TV, Mobile phoneYes
'LED' LCDFlat rectangular, circular, semi circle98249TV, Computer monitorYes
'QLED' LCDCurved or Flat98249TV, Computer monitorYes
Telescopic pixel display
Ferroelectric LCD
'mLED' LEDCurved or Flat????Mobile phone, Wearable Electronics, VR Display, Smartwatch, Optical Instruments, AR DisplayYes
QDLED[19][20][21][22]————Yes
IMODFlat1.2[23]3Mobile phone[24]Yes
Laser Phosphor Display (LPD)Flat / Box196497.8PresentationYes
Virtual retinal displayAny shape——Experimental, possibly
virtual reality		Depends
on system

Major technologies are CRT, LCD and its derivatives (Quantum dot display, LED backlit LCD, WLCD, OLCD), Plasma, and OLED and its derivatives (Transparent OLED, PMOLED, AMOLED). An emerging technology is Micro LED and cancelled and now obsolete technologies are SED and FED.

Temporal characteristics

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Different display technologies have vastly different temporal characteristics, leading to perceptual differences for motion, flicker, etc.

Sketch of some common display technologies' temporal behaviour

The figure shows a sketch of how different technologies present a single white/grey frame. Time and intensity is not to scale. Notice that some have a fixed intensity, while the illuminated period is variable. This is a kind of pulse-width modulation. Others can vary the actual intensity in response to the input signal.

  • Single-chip DLPs use a kind of "chromatic multiplexing" in which each color is presented serially. The intensity is varied by modulating the "on" time of each pixel within the time-span of one color. Multi-chip DLPs are not represented in this sketch, but would have a curve identical to the plasma display.
  • LCDs have a constant (backlit) image, where the intensity is varied by blocking the light shining through the panel.
  • CRTs use an electron beam, scanning the display, flashing a lit image. If interlacing is used, a single full-resolution image results in two "flashes". The physical properties of the phosphor are responsible for the rise and decay curves.
  • Plasma displays modulate the "on" time of each sub-pixel, similar to DLP.
  • Movie theaters use a mechanical shutter to illuminate the same frame 2 or 3 times, increasing the flicker frequency to make it less perceptible to the human eye.

Research

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Researchers announced a display that uses silicon metasurface pixels that do not require polarized light and require half the energy. It employs a transparent conductive oxide as a heater that can quickly change the pixels. The pixels are 100 times thinner than liquid crystal. Response times are under 1 millisecond. They claim that the metasurface array could replace the liquid crystal layer in today's displays, eliminating the need for production technology.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "DEAD MITSUBISHI 40-INCH TV. help!! - ecoustics.com".
  2. ^ "Aperture grille CRT" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  3. ^ "Monochrome CRT". Archived from the original on 2009-10-09.
  4. ^ "Self-contained Rear Projection CRT". Archived from the original on 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  5. ^ "Panasonic Develops World's Largest 152-Inch Full HD 3D Plasma Display - Headquarters News - Panasonic Newsroom Global". Archived from the original on 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  6. ^ "Gas Plasma Screen - Compaq Portable 386". December 19, 2018.
  7. ^ "Compaq Portable 386 - Computer - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk.
  8. ^ "Toshiba T3100/20 - Computer - Computing History". www.computinghistory.org.uk.
  9. ^ "T-5100-Computer Museum". museum.ipsj.or.jp.
  10. ^ "Samsung's 110-inch 4K TV to cost US$150,000".
  11. ^ "LCD Rear Projection". Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
  12. ^ Casamassina, Matt (8 January 2007). "CES 2007: Optoma's $50k 120-inch Set".
  13. ^ "JVC Develops 110-inch".
  14. ^ "Mitsubishi Electric LaserVue® - Products". Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
  15. ^ "Largest LED 3D TV".
  16. ^ "55-inch SED HDTVs on the way in '08".
  17. ^ LG Global (7 January 2015). "CES 2015 LG - Perfect Black, Perfect Color : Only in LG OLED TV". Archived from the original on 2015-01-08 – via YouTube.
  18. ^ "LG SIGNATURE Z9 88 inch Class 8K Smart OLED TV w/AI ThinQ® (87.6 Diag) (OLED88Z9PUA)". LG USA.
  19. ^ "Quantum Dots QDTV Displays from Nanoco Technologies". Archived from the original on 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  20. ^ "Nevada Nanotechnology Center - Research".
  21. ^ Gache, Gabriel (10 December 2007). "LED's Outpower QDLED's".
  22. ^ "Ocean NanoTech research in QDLEDs". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  23. ^ "Wireless Technology & Innovation - Mobile Technology - Qualcomm" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-11.
  24. ^ "IMOD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-03-09.
  25. ^ Ridden, Paul (2023-02-23). "Meta-display concept could retire LCD panels in big-screen TVs". New Atlas. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
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