Glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIN2A gene.[5] With 1464 amino acids, the canonical GluN2A subunit isoform is large. GluN2A-short isoforms specific to primates can be produced by alternative splicing and contain 1281 amino acids.[6][7]
Function
editN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA channel has been shown to be involved in long-term potentiation, an activity-dependent increase in the efficiency of synaptic transmission thought to underlie certain kinds of memory and learning. NMDA receptor channels are heteromers composed of the key receptor subunit NMDAR1 (GRIN1) and 1 or more of the 4 NMDAR2 subunits: NMDAR2A (GRIN2A), NMDAR2B (GRIN2B), NMDAR2C (GRIN2C), and NMDAR2D (GRIN2D).[8]
Associations
editVariants of the gene are associated with the protective effect of coffee on Parkinson's disease.[9][10]
Mutations in GRIN2A are associated to refractory epilepsy.[11]
Whole exome/genome sequencing has led to the discovery of an association between mutations in GRIN2A and a wide variety of neurological diseases, including epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, developmental delay, and schizophrenia.[12]
Interactions
editGRIN2A has been shown to interact with:
See also
editReferences
editFurther reading
edit- Schröder HC, Perovic S, Kavsan V, Ushijima H, Müller WE (1998). "Mechanisms of prionSc- and HIV-1 gp120 induced neuronal cell death". Neurotoxicology. 19 (4–5): 683–688. PMID 9745929.
- King JE, Eugenin EA, Buckner CM, Berman JW (April 2006). "HIV tat and neurotoxicity". Microbes and Infection. 8 (5): 1347–1357. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.014. PMID 16697675.
- Monyer H, Sprengel R, Schoepfer R, Herb A, Higuchi M, Lomeli H, et al. (May 1992). "Heteromeric NMDA receptors: molecular and functional distinction of subtypes". Science. 256 (5060): 1217–1221. Bibcode:1992Sci...256.1217M. doi:10.1126/science.256.5060.1217. PMID 1350383. S2CID 989677.
- Kornau HC, Schenker LT, Kennedy MB, Seeburg PH (September 1995). "Domain interaction between NMDA receptor subunits and the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95". Science. 269 (5231): 1737–1740. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1737K. doi:10.1126/science.7569905. PMID 7569905.
- Magnuson DS, Knudsen BE, Geiger JD, Brownstone RM, Nath A (March 1995). "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat activates non-N-methyl-D-aspartate excitatory amino acid receptors and causes neurotoxicity". Annals of Neurology. 37 (3): 373–380. doi:10.1002/ana.410370314. PMID 7695237. S2CID 24405132.
- Sakimura K, Kutsuwada T, Ito I, Manabe T, Takayama C, Kushiya E, et al. (January 1995). "Reduced hippocampal LTP and spatial learning in mice lacking NMDA receptor epsilon 1 subunit". Nature. 373 (6510): 151–155. doi:10.1038/373151a0. PMID 7816096. S2CID 4356780.
- Foldes RL, Adams SL, Fantaske RP, Kamboj RK (August 1994). "Human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulatory subunit hNR2A: cloning and sequencing of the cDNA and primary structure of the protein". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1223 (1): 155–159. doi:10.1016/0167-4889(94)90086-8. PMID 8061049.
- Sheng M, Cummings J, Roldan LA, Jan YN, Jan LY (March 1994). "Changing subunit composition of heteromeric NMDA receptors during development of rat cortex". Nature. 368 (6467): 144–147. Bibcode:1994Natur.368..144S. doi:10.1038/368144a0. PMID 8139656. S2CID 4332025.
- Roche KW, Raymond LA, Blackstone C, Huganir RL (April 1994). "Transmembrane topology of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR6". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (16): 11679–11682. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32623-6. PMID 8163463.
- Takano H, Onodera O, Tanaka H, Mori H, Sakimura K, Hori T, et al. (December 1993). "Chromosomal localization of the epsilon 1, epsilon 3 and zeta 1 subunit genes of the human NMDA receptor channel". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 197 (2): 922–926. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2567. PMID 8267632.
- Lannuzel A, Lledo PM, Lamghitnia HO, Vincent JD, Tardieu M (November 1995). "HIV-1 envelope proteins gp120 and gp160 potentiate NMDA-induced [Ca2+]i increase, alter [Ca2+]i homeostasis and induce neurotoxicity in human embryonic neurons". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 7 (11): 2285–2293. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00649.x. PMID 8563977. S2CID 27201873.
- Corasaniti MT, Melino G, Navarra M, Garaci E, Finazzi-Agrò A, Nisticò G (September 1995). "Death of cultured human neuroblastoma cells induced by HIV-1 gp120 is prevented by NMDA receptor antagonists and inhibitors of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase". Neurodegeneration. 4 (3): 315–321. doi:10.1016/1055-8330(95)90021-7. PMID 8581564.
- Niethammer M, Kim E, Sheng M (April 1996). "Interaction between the C terminus of NMDA receptor subunits and multiple members of the PSD-95 family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases". The Journal of Neuroscience. 16 (7): 2157–2163. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-07-02157.1996. PMC 6578538. PMID 8601796.
- Pittaluga A, Pattarini R, Severi P, Raiteri M (May 1996). "Human brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors regulating noradrenaline release are positively modulated by HIV-1 coat protein gp120". AIDS. 10 (5): 463–468. doi:10.1097/00002030-199605000-00003. PMID 8724036. S2CID 1669986.
- Hess SD, Daggett LP, Crona J, Deal C, Lu CC, Urrutia A, et al. (August 1996). "Cloning and functional characterization of human heteromeric N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 278 (2): 808–816. PMID 8768735.
- Wu P, Price P, Du B, Hatch WC, Terwilliger EF (April 1996). "Direct cytotoxicity of HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 on human NT neurons". NeuroReport. 7 (5): 1045–1049. doi:10.1097/00001756-199604100-00018. PMID 8804048. S2CID 21018147.
- Bennett BA, Rusyniak DE, Hollingsworth CK (December 1995). "HIV-1 gp120-induced neurotoxicity to midbrain dopamine cultures". Brain Research. 705 (1–2): 168–176. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01166-8. PMID 8821747. S2CID 32822686.
- Toggas SM, Masliah E, Mucke L (January 1996). "Prevention of HIV-1 gp120-induced neuronal damage in the central nervous system of transgenic mice by the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine". Brain Research. 706 (2): 303–307. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01197-8. PMID 8822372. S2CID 44260060.
- Dreyer EB, Lipton SA (December 1995). "The coat protein gp120 of HIV-1 inhibits astrocyte uptake of excitatory amino acids via macrophage arachidonic acid". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 7 (12): 2502–2507. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01048.x. PMID 8845955. S2CID 7370984.
- Raber J, Toggas SM, Lee S, Bloom FE, Epstein CJ, Mucke L (December 1996). "Central nervous system expression of HIV-1 Gp120 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: evidence for involvement of NMDA receptors and nitric oxide synthase". Virology. 226 (2): 362–373. doi:10.1006/viro.1996.0664. PMID 8955056.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.