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List of California wildfires

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"California wildfire" redirects here. For the current fires in California, see 2024 California wildfires.

This is a partial and incomplete list of California wildfires. California has dry, windy, and often hot weather conditions from spring through late autumn that can produce moderate to severe wildfires. Pre-1800, when the area was much more forested and the ecology much more resilient, 4.4 million acres (1.8 million hectares) of forest and shrubland burned annually.[1] California land area totals 99,813,760 or roughly 100 million acres, so since 2000, the area that burned annually has ranged between 90,000 acres, or 0.09%, and 1,590,000 acres, or 1.59% of the total land of California.[2] During the 2020 wildfire season alone, over 8,100 fires contributed to the burning of nearly 4.5 million acres of land.

Santa Ana winds in California expand fires and spread smoke over hundreds of miles, as in this October 2007 satellite image
The Rim Fire consumed more than 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) of forest near Yosemite National Park, in 2013

Since the early 2010s, wildfires in California are growing more dangerous because of the accumulation of wood fuel in forests, higher population and greater electricity transmission and distribution lines.[3][4][5] United States taxpayers pay about US$3 billion a year to fight wildfires, and big fires can lead to billions of dollars in property losses.[6] At times, these wildfires are fanned or made worse by strong, dry winds, known as Diablo winds when they occur in the northern part of the state and Santa Ana winds when they occur in the south. However, from a historical perspective, it has been estimated that prior to 1850, about 4.5 million acres (17,000 km2) burned yearly, in fires that lasted for months, with wildfire activity peaking roughly every 30 years, when up to 11.8 million acres (47,753 km3) of land burned.[7][8] The much larger wildfire seasons in the past can be attributed to the policy of Native Californians regularly setting controlled burns and allowing natural fires to run their course, which prevented devastating wildfires from overrunning the state.[7]

More than 350,000 people in California live in towns sited completely within zones deemed to be at very high risk of fire. In total, more than 2.7 million people live in "very high fire hazard severity zones", which also include areas at lesser risk.[9]

On lands under CAL FIRE's jurisdictional protection (i.e. not federal or local responsibility areas), the majority of wildfire ignitions since 1980 have been caused by humans. The four most common ignition sources for wildfires on CAL FIRE-protected lands are, in order: equipment use, powerlines, arson, and lightning.[10]

A 2023 study found that these wildfires are affecting the California ecosystem and disrupting the habitats.[11][12] It found that in the 2020 and 2021 fire seasons 58% of the area affected by wildfires occurred in those two seasons since 2012.[11][13] These two fires destroyed 30% of the habitat of 50 species as well as 100 species that had 10% of their habitats burn. 5-14% of the species' habitats burned at a "high severity."[14][15]

Statistics

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Area burned per year

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Remains of houses destroyed in the Oakland firestorm of 1991
Satellite image from October, 2003 including Cedar Fire, one of the largest wildfires in California history

Starting in 2001, the National Interagency Fire Center began keeping more accurate records on the total fire acreage burned in each state.[16]

YearFiresAcresHectaresRef
20007,622295,026119,393[17]
20019,458329,126133,193[18]
20028,328969,890392,500[19][20]
20039,1161,020,460412,970[21][22][23]
20048,415264,988107,237[24][25]
20057,162222,53890,058[26][27]
20068,202736,022297,858[28][29]
20079,0931,520,362615,269[17][30]
20086,2551,593,690644,940[17]
20099,159422,147170,837[31][32]
20106,554109,52944,325[33]
20117,989168,54568,208[34][35]
20127,950869,599351,914[36]
20139,907601,635243,473[37][38]
20147,865625,540253,150[39][40]
20158,745893,362361,531[41]
20166,986669,534270,951[42][43]
20179,5601,548,429626,627[44][45]
20188,5271,975,086799,289[46][47]
20197,860259,823105,147[48]
20209,6394,397,8091,779,730[49]
20218,8352,568,9481,039,616[50]
20227,490362,455146,680[51]
20237,127324,917131,489
2000-22 Mean8,292974,980394,560
2000-22 Median8,328669,534270,951

A 2015 study[52] addressed whether the increase in fire risk in California is attributable to climate change.[53]

Largest wildfires

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The 20 largest wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.[54]

NameCountyAcresHectaresStart dateStructuresDeathsNotes
1.August ComplexGlenn, Lake, Mendocino, Tehama, Trinity, Shasta1,032,648417,898August 20209351
2.DixieButte, Lassen, Plumas, Shasta, Tehama963,309389,837July 20211,3291Largest single source wildfire in California history[55]
3.Mendocino ComplexMendocino, Lake, Colusa, Glenn459,123185,800July 20182801
4.SCU Lightning ComplexSanta Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Merced, Stanislaus396,624160,508August 20202220
5.CreekFresno, Madera379,895153,738September 20208560
6.LNU Lightning ComplexColusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo363,220146,990August 20201,4916
7.North ComplexPlumas, Butte318,935129,068August 20202,35215
8.Santiago CanyonOrange, Riverside, San Diego300,000120,000September 188900The fire dates before 1932, when reliable fire records began.
9.ThomasVentura, Santa Barbara281,893114,078December 20171,06323Fatalities (2 direct, 21 indirect) attributed to the fire include 1 firefighter and 1 civilian directly, 22 deaths in later mudslides, with 1 never recovered.[56]
10.CedarSan Diego273,246110,579October 20032,82015
11.RushLassen271,911110,038August 201200This fire burned an additional 43,666 acres (17,671.0 ha) in Nevada, for a total of 315,577 acres (127,709.5 ha).[57][58]
12.RimTuolumne257,314104,131August 20131120
13.ZacaSanta Barbara240,20797,208July 200710
14.CarrShasta, Trinity229,65192,936July 20181,6148
15.MonumentTrinity223,12490,295July 2021500
16.CaldorEl Dorado, Amador, Alpine221,83589,773August 20211,0031
17.MatilijaVentura220,00089,000September 193200
18.River ComplexSiskiyou, Trinity199,34380,671July 20211220
19.WitchSan Diego197,99080,120October 20071,6502
20.Klamath Theater ComplexSiskiyou192,03877,715June 200802

Deadliest wildfires

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The 20 deadliest wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.[59]

NameCountyAcresHectaresStart dateStructuresDeathsNotes
1.Camp[60][61][62]Butte153,33662,050November 201818,8048551 identified from Paradise, 11 from Magalia, 7 from Concow, 1 from Chico, remaining not publicly identified as of February 2019
2.Griffith ParkLos Angeles4719October 1933029Deaths were RFC workers fighting the fire
3.TunnelAlameda1,600650October 19912,90025
4.ThomasVentura, Santa Barbara281,893114,078December 20171,06323Fatalities (2 direct, 21 indirect) attributed to the fire include 1 firefighter and 1 civilian directly, 22 deaths in later mudslides, with 1 never recovered.[56]
5.TubbsNapa, Sonoma36,80714,895October 20175,64322
6.North ComplexPlumas, Butte318,935129,068August 20202,35215
7.CedarSan Diego273,246110,579October 20032,82015
8.RattlesnakeGlenn1,340540July 1953015All deaths were firefighters trying to outrun the fire
9.LoopLos Angeles2,028821November 1966012All deaths were members of the El Cariso Hotshots
10Hauser CreekSan Diego13,1455,320October 1943011
11.InajaSan Diego43,90417,767November 1956011
12.Iron Alps ComplexTrinity105,85542,838August 20081010
13.Redwood ValleyMendocino36,52314,780October 20175449
14.HarrisSan Diego90,44036,600October 20075488
15.CanyonLos Angeles22,1978,983August 196808
16.CarrShasta, Trinity229,65192,936July 20181,6148
17.LNU Lightning ComplexColusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo363,220146,990August 20201,4916
18.AtlasNapa, Solano51,62420,891October 20177816
19.OldSan Bernardino91,28136,940October 20031,0036
20.DeckerRiverside1,425577August 195916

Most destructive wildfires

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The 20 most destructive wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.[63]

NameCountyAcresHectaresStart dateStructuresDeathsNotes
1.Camp[60][61][62]Butte153,33662,050November 201818,80485Town of Paradise destroyed[64]
2.TubbsNapa, Sonoma36,80714,895October 20175,64322
3.TunnelAlameda1,600650October 19912,90025
4.CedarSan Diego273,246110,579October 20032,82015
5.North ComplexPlumas, Butte318,935129,068August 20202,35215Towns of Berry Creek and Feather Falls mostly destroyed[65][66]
6.ValleyLake, Napa, Sonoma76,06730,783September 20151,9554
7.WitchSan Diego197,99080,120October 20071,6502
8.WoolseyVentura, Los Angeles96,94939,234November 20181,6433
9.CarrShasta, Trinity229,65192,936July 20181,6148
10.GlassNapa, Sonoma67,48427,310September 20201,5200
11.LNU Lightning ComplexColusa, Lake, Napa, Sonoma, Solano, Yolo363,220146,990August 20201,4916
12.CZU Lightning ComplexSanta Cruz, San Mateo86,50935,009August 20201,4901
13.NunsSonoma54,38222,008October 20171,3553
14.DixieButte, Lassen, Plumas, Shasta, Tehama963,309389,837July 20211,3291Town of Greenville mostly destroyed
15.ThomasVentura, Santa Barbara281,893114,078December 20171,063232 direct, 22 indirect deaths were caused by the Montecito mudslides
16.CaldorEl Dorado, Amador, Alpine221,83589,773August 20211,0031Town of Grizzly Flats mostly destroyed
17.OldSan Bernardino91,28136,940October 20031,0036
18.ButteAmador, Calaveras70,86828,679September 20159652
19.JonesShasta26,20010,600October 19999541
20.August ComplexGlenn, Lake, Mendocino, Tehama, Trinity, Shasta1,032,649417,898August 20209351

Areas of repeated ignition

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The summer 2008 wildfires were widespread and deadly, with at least 3,596 wildfires of various origins burning throughout Northern and Central California, for around four months

In some parts of California, fires can recur in areas with histories of fires. In Oakland, for example, fires of various size and ignition occurred in 1923, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1946, 1955, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1995, 2002, and 2008.[67][68] Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and Los Angeles County are other examples. Orange and San Bernardino counties share a border that runs north to south through the Chino Hills State Park, with the park's landscape ranging from large green coastal sage scrub, grassland, and woodland, to areas of brown sparsely dense vegetation made drier by droughts or hot summers. The valley's grass and barren land can become easily susceptible to dry spells and drought, therefore making it a prime spot for brush fires and conflagrations, many of which have occurred since 1914. Hills and canyons have seen brush or wildfires in 1914, the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and into today.[69]

On occasion, lightning strikes from thunderstorms may also spark wildfires in areas that have seen past ignition. Examples of this are the 1999 Megram Fire, the 2008 California wildfires.[citation needed], as well as both the LNU and SCU Lightning Complex fires of 2020.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Stephens, Scott L.; Martin, Robert E.; Clinton, Nicholas E. (November 15, 2007). "Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands". Forest Ecology and Management. 251 (3): 210. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005. ISSN 0378-1127. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2020. area burned annually in California varied from 1,814,614 to 4,838,293 ha (excluding the desert region in Southeastern California) during the prehistoric period. With the land area of California equaling 40,396,822 ha (CCDB, 2003), this results in 4.5–12.0% of the state's lands burning annually
  2. ^ "California Wildfire Emission Estimates | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  3. ^ BORUNDA, ALEJANDRA; ELLIOTT, KENNEDY (November 15, 2018). "See how a warmer world primed California for large fires". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  4. ^ "Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires: fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires". ResearchGate. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  5. ^ "Historical patterns of wildfire ignition sources in California ecosystems". ResearchGate. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  6. ^ "Wildfires are growing more costly". NBC News. May 14, 2014. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  7. ^ a b Rogers, Paul (August 23, 2020). "California fires: State, feds agree to thin millions of acres of forests - New plan would last 20 years, reshaping California's landscape". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Before the Gold Rush in 1849, large parts of California burned every few decades. Lightning fires burned for months, and native tribes burned the land, clearing out dead vegetation. ... Stephens, the UC fire scientist, estimates that before the Gold Rush, roughly 4.5 million acres a year in California burned. By the 1950s and 1960s, that was down to about 250,000 acres a year.
  8. ^ Weil, Elizabeth (August 28, 2020). "They Know How to Prevent Megafires. Why Won't Anybody Listen?". ProPublica. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
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