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List of United States presidential firsts

This list lists achievements and distinctions of various presidents of the United States. It includes distinctions achieved in their earlier life and post-presidencies. Due to some confusion surrounding sovereignty of nations during presidential visits, only nations that were independent, sovereign, or recognized by the United States during the presidency are listed here as a precedent.

George Washington (1789–1797)

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Further information: George Washington
George Washington was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1776, 13 years before becoming president
  • First president of the United States.[1]
  • First president to have been born in the 18th century.[2]
  • First president to have been a military veteran.[a][3]
  • First president to have served in the American Revolutionary War.[4]
  • First president born in Virginia.[5]
  • First president to be elected to a second term in office.[6]
  • First president to own slaves.[7]
  • First president to be an Episcopalian.[8]
  • First president to be a Freemason.[9]
  • First president to appear on a postage stamp.[1]
  • First president to receive votes from every presidential elector in an election.[b][10]
  • First president to be inaugurated in New York City.[2]
  • First president to fill the entire body of the United States federal judges; including the Supreme Court.[11]
  • First president to deliver a State of the Union address (1790).[12]
  • First president to have a First Lady older in age.[c][13]
  • First president to command a standing field army while in office (during the Whiskey Rebellion).[14]
  • First president who was not affiliated with any political party.[15]
  • First president to go uncontested in an election.[16]
  • First president to not have any biological children.[17]
  • First president to be declared an honorary citizen of a foreign country, and an honorary citizen of France.[18]
  • First president to deliver a Farewell Address.[19][20]

John Adams (1797–1801)

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Further information: John Adams
John Adams was the first president to live in the White House

Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)

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Further information: Thomas Jefferson
  • First president to have previously been a governor.[j][25]
  • First president to have previously served as secretary of state.[42]
  • First president to have been widowed prior to his inauguration.[k][23]: 147 
  • First president to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.[31]
  • First president to have his inaugural speech reprinted in a newspaper.[43]
  • First president whose inauguration was not attended by his immediate predecessor.[l][35]
  • First president to live a full presidential term in the White House.[44]
  • First president to defeat an opponent he had previously lost to in a presidential election.[23]: 48 
  • First president to receive more than 49% of the electoral vote without being elected president.
  • First president who defeated an incumbent president.[23]: 48 
  • First president to defeat a president under whom he worked.
  • First president whose election was decided in the United States House of Representatives.[45]
  • First president to have an inaugural parade; occurred during his second inauguration.[43]
  • First president to cite the doctrine of executive privilege.[46]
  • First president to have a vice president elected under the 12th Amendment.[m][47]
  • First president to expand the country's territory[48][49]
  • First president to have pets at the White House; two grizzly bear cubs and a mockingbird.[50][51]
  • First president to found a university after being in office; the University of Virginia in 1819.[52]
  • First president to serve as rector of a university (University of Virginia).[53]
  • First president to deliver a State of the Union Address via writing; this practice continued until 1913.[54]
  • First president to die on the Fourth of July.[40]
  • First president to be outlived by another former president.[40]
  • First president to defeat his opponent in his opponent's birth state.

James Madison (1809–1817)

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Further information: James Madison

James Monroe (1817–1825)

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Further information: James Monroe
  • First president to have served in the United States Senate.[60]
  • First president to have a child marry at the White House.[o][61]
  • First president to ride on a steamboat.[62]
  • First president to have held over 50 years of elected public office positions by the end of his presidency[63]
  • First president to have held two cabinet positions at once prior to assuming office[63]
  • First president to have a foreign capital named after him (Monrovia, Liberia)[63]

John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)

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Further information: John Quincy Adams
Philip Haas took this daguerreotype of John Quincy Adams in 1843.

Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)

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Further information: Andrew Jackson

Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)

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Further information: Martin Van Buren
  • First president born after the Declaration of Independence.[x][31]
  • First president to be a non-native speaker of English.[y][89]
  • First president to have non-British ancestry (and to have Dutch ancestry).[90]
  • First president from the state of New York.[91]
  • First president to be born a citizen of the United States and not a British subject.[92]
  • First president to have multiple members of the same party (Whig) run against him.[93]
  • First president to receive over 1 million votes in an election while in office.[94]
  • First president from the Northern United States to have owned a slave.[95]
  • First president to run for presidency on a third-party ticket.[96]
  • First president to run for another term after being defeated.

William Henry Harrison (1841)

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Further information: William Henry Harrison
  • First president elected as a Whig to the presidency.[79]
  • First president to have 10 or more biological children.[z][30]
  • First president from the state of Ohio.
  • First president to be a grandfather of a future president.[97][98]
  • First president to give an inaugural address of more than 5,000 words.[99]
  • First president to not issue an executive order[100]
  • First president to die in office.[aa][101]
  • First president to serve less than one full term in office.[ab][102]
  • First president to receive over 1 million votes in a presidential election before assuming office.[103]

John Tyler (1841–1845)

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Further information: John Tyler

James K. Polk (1845–1849)

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Further information: James K. Polk
Polk and his cabinet in the White House dining room, 1846. Front row, left to right: John Y. Mason, William L. Marcy, James K. Polk, Robert J. Walker. Back row, left to right: Cave Johnson, George Bancroft. Secretary of State James Buchanan is absent. This was the first photograph taken in the White House, and the first of a presidential Cabinet.[111]

Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)

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Further information: Zachary Taylor
  • First president who had served in no prior elected office.[118]
  • First president to serve in the Mexican–American War.[5]
  • First president to take office while his party held a minority of seats in the U.S. Senate.[119]
  • First president to win election with his party holding no majority in either house of Congress.[120]
  • First president to win the U.S. presidential election in November.[121]
  • First president to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal more than once.[am][122]
  • First president to use the term "First Lady".[123]
  • First president to be a second cousin of a previous president.[59]

Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)

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Further information: Millard Fillmore
  • First president to establish a permanent White House library.[124]
  • First president born in the 1800s.[an][125]
  • First president to leave office while his father was alive.[ao][58]
  • First president to install a kitchen stove in the White House.[126]
  • First president to formally have a direct communication with Japan.[127]

Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)

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Further information: Franklin Pierce
  • First president born in New Hampshire.[128]
  • First president born in the 19th century.[ap]
  • First president to install central heating in the White House.[62]
  • First president to deliver his inaugural address from memory.[129]
  • First president who had been elected to actively seek reelection but be defeated for nomination for a second term by his party.[130][131]
  • First president to have a Christmas tree in the White House.[126]
  • First president to keep his original cabinet members for his entire four-year term.[126]
  • First president to have multiple vetoes overridden.[32]

James Buchanan (1857–1861)

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Further information: James Buchanan

Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)

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Further information: Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln was the first president to be assassinated.

Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)

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Further information: Andrew Johnson
  • First president to ascend to the presidency by the assassination of his predecessor.[136]
  • First president to be impeached by the House of Representatives.[137]
  • First president to have members of his own party vote for impeachment.[138]
  • First president to serve in the United States Senate after being president.[137]
  • First president to issue more than twenty vetoes.[32]
  • First president to have more than ten vetoes overridden.[32]

Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)

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Further information: Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant, here shortly before his death, was the first president to write a memoir.
  • First president born in Ohio.[5]
  • First president born after the War of 1812.
  • First president to have both parents alive during his presidency[as][58]
  • First president to appear with a moustache in office.[139]
  • First president to veto more than fifty bills.[32]
  • First president to visit Ireland, Egypt, China, and Japan. (In 1878–1879, after leaving the presidency.)[140][141][142]
  • First president to publish his memoirs.[143]
  • First president to issue more than 40 pocket vetoes.[32]
  • First president to issue more than 100 executive orders[144]
  • First president to attend a synagogue service while in office[145]
  • First president to have served in the American Civil War.[146]
  • First president to host an Indian Chief in the White House.[126]
  • First president to approve of and sign in a National Park.[147]
  • First president to set aside federal land for wildlife protection.[147]
  • First president to be placed under arrest.[148]

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)

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Further information: Rutherford B. Hayes

James A. Garfield (1881)

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Further information: James A. Garfield
  • First president to be elected to the presidency directly from the House of Representatives.[153]
  • First president to be left-handed or ambidextrous.[at][154]
  • First president to die before reaching the age of 50.[au][155]
  • First president to have served as a university president.[156][157]
  • First president to deliver a campaign speech in a language other than English.[158]
  • First president who was a mathematician (he proved the Pythagorean theorem).[159][160]

Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)

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Further information: Chester A. Arthur
  • First president born in Vermont.[5]
  • First president to take the oath of office in his own home.[av][161]
  • First president to have an elevator installed in the White House.[149]

Grover Cleveland (1885–1889, 1893–1897)

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Further information: Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland was the first president to serve non-consecutive terms, and the first president to be married (to Frances Folsom) at the White House
  • First president born in New Jersey.[162]
  • First president to get married at the White House.[61]
  • First president to have a child born in the White House.[62][163]
  • First president to run for a second term after losing in a previous election.
  • First president to serve non-consecutive terms.[101]
  • First president to be filmed.[164]
  • First president to veto more than 100 bills, with over 500, including over 200 pocket vetoes.[32]

Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)

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Further information: Benjamin Harrison
  • First president to be the grandson of another president.[aw][98]
  • First president to have a lighted Christmas tree at the White House.[23]: 48 
  • First president to have electric lighting installed in the White House.[149]
  • First president to have his voice recorded.[165]
  • First president to create and designate a United States Prehistoric and Cultural Site.[147]

William McKinley (1897–1901)

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Further information: William McKinley

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

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Further information: Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt, shown here sitting in a steam shovel along the Panama Canal route in 1906, was the first president to visit a foreign country while in office.

William Howard Taft (1909–1913)

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Further information: William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft was the first president to also serve on the United States Supreme Court.

Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

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Further information: Woodrow Wilson

Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)

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Further information: Warren G. Harding
  • First president born after the Civil War.[br][208]
  • First president entirely of German descent.[209]
  • First president to have been a publisher.[208]
  • First president to have been a lieutenant governor.[bs][210]
  • First president to be elected while being a sitting U.S. senator.[bt][113]
  • First president to learn about his victory over the radio.[208]
  • First president to be elected on his birthday.[208]
  • First president elected after women gained the right to vote.[79]
  • First president to ride to and from his inauguration in a car.[31]
  • First president to appoint a former president (William Howard Taft) to the Supreme Court.[211]
  • First president to give his inaugural address over an amplified system.[208]
  • First president to own and install a radio in the White House.[208]
  • First president to learn to drive a car.[212]
  • First president to visit Canada while in office.[213]
  • First president to predecease his father.[bu][58]
  • First president to be heard on a radio broadcast, over Navy radio station NOF in Anacostia, D.C.[214]
  • First president to use the term Founding Fathers.[215]

Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)

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Further information: Calvin Coolidge
  • First president to have the oath of office administered to him by a parent.[bv][216]
  • First president born on the Fourth of July.[217]
  • First president to be sworn in by a former president.[bw][31]
  • First president to give a radio broadcast from the White House.[81][85]
  • First president to visit Cuba while in office.[218]
  • First president to be a Congregationalist.[219]
  • First president to appear on US coinage while alive and in office.[220]
  • First president to serve as both governor and lieutenant governor of a state.[bx][221]
  • First president to be an honorary member of a Native American tribe.[222]

Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)

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Further information: Herbert Hoover

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)

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Further information: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)

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Further information: Harry S. Truman

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)

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Further information: Dwight D. Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)

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Further information: John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)

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Further information: Lyndon B. Johnson
Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson became the first president to be inaugurated on an airplane and the first president to be sworn in by a woman. The inauguration is shown in the photo above.

Richard Nixon (1969–1974)

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Further information: Richard Nixon

Gerald Ford (1974–1977)

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Further information: Gerald Ford
Following the resignation of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford being sworn in by Warren Burger, was the first man to ascend to the presidency without being elected to either the offices of the president or vice president.

Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)

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Further information: Jimmy Carter

Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)

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Further information: Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan addressing the UK Parliament on June 8, 1982, the first U.S. president to do so.

George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)

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Further information: George H. W. Bush

Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

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Further information: Bill Clinton

George W. Bush (2001–2009)

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Further information: George W. Bush
President Bush, Secretary Powell, Advisor Rice, and Secretary Rumsfeld

Barack Obama (2009–2017)

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Further information: Barack Obama
The official portrait of Barack Obama (2009). Taken on a Canon EOS 5D Mark II

Donald Trump (2017–2021)

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Further information: Donald Trump
Donald Trump shaking hands with the supreme leader of North Korea on June 12, 2018, the first U.S. president to do so.

Joe Biden (2021–present)

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Further information: Joe Biden
Biden receiving the Medal of Freedom on January 12, 2017, four years prior to his inauguration in 2021, the first U.S. president to do so.

Cabinet

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Further information: Cabinet of Joe Biden

Other appointments

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Colonel George Washington served in the French and Indian War, seeing action in the Braddock Expedition
  2. ^ In both the 1789 and 1792 elections, each elector voted for Washington and for another candidate.
  3. ^ Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington and thus the first First Lady of the United States, was born on June 2, 1731, making her 265 days older than her husband.
  4. ^ Adams served as vice president under George Washington, and thus was the first vice president of the nation.
  5. ^ George Washington powdered his own long hair tied in a queue.
  6. ^ Adams and his wife Abigail had six children, including John Quincy Adams, the sixth president. Washington did not have any children by his own, and was only a stepfather.
  7. ^ Charles Adams, the second son of John Adams, died of liver cirrhosis on November 30, 1800, when his father was still president. He was a chronic alcoholic, and was estranged from his family at the time of his death.
  8. ^ Adams did not attend Thomas Jefferson's inauguration.
  9. ^ Adams, who was born on October 30, 1735, and died on July 4, 1826, the 50th Independence Day of the United States, lived for 90 years, 247 days, and was the longest-lived president until 2001, when his record was broken by Ronald Reagan.
  10. ^ Jefferson was Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.
  11. ^ Jefferson's wife Martha died in 1782, 19 years before he was inaugurated. He was also the first president whose hostess was his daughter.
  12. ^ John Adams did not attend Jefferson's inauguration, due to personal problems.
  13. ^ Originally the runner-up in the presidential election was named vice president. Adams, Jefferson and Aaron Burr became vice presidents in this way.
  14. ^ Madison left office in 1817 and his mother Nelly Conway Madison died in 1829, only seven years before her son.
  15. ^ Monroe's daughter Mary married in 1820 at the Blue Room on the State Floor of the White House.
  16. ^ Adams was the eldest son of John Adams and his wife Abigail Adams.
  17. ^ Adams' father, former president John Adams, was still alive when he took office, and died in 1826.
  18. ^ Adams' son John Adams II married in the Blue Room on February 25, 1828.
  19. ^ Adams was nominated by James Madison in 1811 and confirmed by the Senate, but declined the appointment.
  20. ^ Jackson and his immediate predecessor John Quincy Adams were both born in 1767, but Adams was born only on July 11, while Jackson was born on March 15, making him 118 days older than his predecessor.
  21. ^ Jackson's parents and two brothers emigrated from Ireland in 1765, two years before he was born.
  22. ^ Jackson's father, Andrew Jackson Sr., died in an accident in late February 1767, around three weeks before his son was born.
  23. ^ On January 30, 1835, a painter named Richard Lawrence tried to assassinate Jackson by trying to shoot him with his gun, but was unsuccessful. Lawrence was arrested soon after, but was found not guilty due to mental iilness, and was sent to a mental hospital, where he lived until his death in 1861. Jackson was uninjured in the attack.
  24. ^ Van Buren was born on December 5, 1782, 6 years, 154 days after the Declaration of Independence.
  25. ^ Dutch was Van Buren's first language. He was called as Careful Dutchman for this factor. He spoke English as a second language.
  26. ^ Harrison had 10 children from his wife Anna Harrison, and is allegedly believed to have a daughter from a slave.
  27. ^ Harrison, who fell ill after suffering from pneumonia just three weeks after taking office, died on April 4, 1841, aged 68. He served as president for just 32 days, and is the shortest-served president.
  28. ^ Harrison took office on March 4, 1841, and died in office on April 4, 1841, just 32 days after taking office. His presidency remains the shortest of all presidents.
  29. ^ Tyler's first wife, First Lady Letitia Christian Tyler, died on September 10, 1842, due to a massive stroke. Aged only 51, she is the shortest-lived First Lady in U.S. history.
  30. ^ Tyler married Julia Gardiner Tyler on June 27, 1844, and had children with her.
  31. ^ Tyler died in Richmond, Virginia, then capital of the breakaway Confederate States of America, in 1862. His casket was draped with a Confederate flag.
  32. ^ Polk was aged 49 years, 122 days when he was inaugurated.
  33. ^ Polk served as the speaker from 1835 to 1839, during the presidency of his mentor Andrew Jackson.
  34. ^ Polk lost both North Carolina, his state of birth, and Tennessee, his state of residence, but still managed to win the elections and became the president.
  35. ^ Polk was aged 53 years, 225 days when he died of cholera on June 15, 1849. He remains the shortest-lived president to die from natural causes.
  36. ^ Polk died in 1849, soon after leaving office. Jane Knox Polk, his mother, died in 1852, having outlived her son by three years.
  37. ^ Polk and his wife Sara remain the only presidential couple to never have any children, either biological, adopted or stepchildren.
  38. ^ Former president John Quincy Adams was the first president to have his photograph taken in 1843, while Polk had his photograph taken as an incumbent after he took office in 1845.
  39. ^ Taylor was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal three times, first in 1846, second in 1847 and third in 1848.
  40. ^ Fillmore was born on January 7, 1800, six days after the year began. He was also the first president who was born after the death of a former president, since he was born 24 days after the death of George Washington, who died on December 14, 1799.
  41. ^ Fillmore left office in 1853 and his father Nathaniel Fillmore died in 1863.
  42. ^ Pierce was born on November 23, 1804, in Hillsborough, New Hampshire. Though it is believed that 19th century began on January 1, 1800, actually it began only in 1801, since there was no year zero, thus making Pierce the first president born in the 19th century.
  43. ^ Buchanan served as a private in the War of 1812 during the Battle of Baltimore, to date the first and only president to have only served in a non-officer capacity
  44. ^ Buchanan was actually engaged to his girlfriend Anne Caroline Calman, whom he met in Lancaster, but she broke off the engagement after hearing some rumours about him, and died soon after. This incident devastated Buchanan very much, and he vowed never to marry in his lifetime. He still remains the only bachelor to have served as the president. His niece, Harriet Lane served as the first lady during his term.
  45. ^ Grant's father, Jesse Root Grant, died in 1873, and his mother Hannah Simpson Grant died in 1883. Neither attended the inauguration of their son.
  46. ^ It is widely believed that Garfield could simultaneously write Greek with his left hand and Latin with his right hand.
  47. ^ Garfield, born on November 19, 1831, was aged 49 years, 304 days when he died as a result of complications caused by gunshot.
  48. ^ Arthur was staying at his home in New York in the night of September 19, 1881, when he got the news of Garfield's death. He took oath as the president immediately, with the oath being administered by a judge of New York Supreme Court, John Brady.
  49. ^ Harrison was the grandson of William Henry Harrison, being the son of W. H. Harrison's son John Scott Harrison, who is thus the only person to have been both the son of a president and the father of another president.
  50. ^ McKinley rode with Freelan Oscar Stanley of the Stanley Motor Carriage Company in his steam car in 1899. He also rode in an electric ambulance that carried him to the hospital where he was treated after being shot.
  51. ^ Roosevelt was elected vice president in 1900, ascended to the presidency after the assassination of William McKinley in 1901, and was elected in his own right in 1904.
  52. ^ Roosevelt won the award in 1906, due to his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905).
  53. ^ Roosevelt travelled to the Panama Canal Zone in 1906, where he inspected construction of Panama Canal, and visited Panama.
  54. ^ Roosevelt won the award for his service in the Spanish–American War, and in particular his role in the Battle of San Juan Hill. The Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously in 2001, by the then-president Bill Clinton.
  55. ^ Roosevelt was injured by a gunshot on October 14, 1912, while campaigning as a candidate for Progressive Party, a party which he formed after leaving office. The bullet, fired by a former saloonkeeper named John Flammang Shrank, lodged in Roosevelt's chest, destroying his steel eyeglass case and a 50-page manuscript of his speech. Despite warnings from doctors, Roosevelt continued his speech and went for tests only after ending it. Shrank was arrested on spot, but was later proven not guilty due to matter of insanity, and was sentenced for institutionalization.
  56. ^ Taft threw his pitch at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators' Opening Day. The pitch took place on April 14, 1910.
  57. ^ In fact, Taft owned four cars when he was in office.
  58. ^ Taft served as solicitor general from 1890[190] to 1892. He became president in 1909.
  59. ^ Arizona and New Mexico were admitted to the Union under Taft's presidency.
  60. ^ Taft left office as president in 1913. He was appointed chief justice in 1921, by President Warren Harding.[194] As chief justice, he administered the oath of office to Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover.
  61. ^ With Proclamation 1354, Wilson declared a national emergency relating to water transportation and shipping in the United States.
  62. ^ Wilson received a PhD in political science from Johns Hopkins University.
  63. ^ In 1918–19, Wilson visited: France, the United Kingdom, Italy (along with the Holy See, not yet a sovereign nation), and Belgium.
  64. ^ Wilson met Pope Benedict XV in 1919, during his visit to Vatican city.
  65. ^ Wilson met with King George V in 1918, during his visit to the United Kingdom.
  66. ^ Wilson attended Game 2 of the 1915 World Series in Philadelphia between the Boston Red Sox and the Philadelphia Phillies.
  67. ^ Wilson died in 1924, three years after he left office, and was interred in a sarcophagus in Washington National Cathedral.
  68. ^ Edith Wilson, the second wife of Woodrow Wilson, and also his second first lady, performed the duties as president when Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke while in office in October 1919, which significantly impacted his life. She is also the first woman to perform presidential duties.
  69. ^ Wilson served as the president during the First World War. He was also instrumental in the founding of the League of Nations, the first global organization formed after the World War I, but never allowed his country to join it.
  70. ^ Harding was born on November 2, 1865, more than six months after the end of the Civil War.
  71. ^ Harding served as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio from 1904 to 1906.
  72. ^ Harding was serving as a senator from Ohio when elected. He resigned his position as senator and was replaced by Frank B. Willis.
  73. ^ Harding died in 1923, and his father, George Tryon Harding, died in 1928, five years after his son.
  74. ^ Coolidge was sworn in for the first time by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a Vermont notary public and justice of the peace in 1923.
  75. ^ Coolidge was sworn in for the second time by William Howard Taft, who was chief justice at the time of the second inauguration of Coolidge in 1925.
  76. ^ Coolidge served as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1916 to 1919 and governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921.
  77. ^ Hoover left office in 1933, and died on October 20, 1964, 31 years, 230 days after leaving office.
  78. ^ Charles Custis, who served as vice president under Hoover, had a Native American ancestry, and was the first such person ever to reach the post.
  79. ^ The last surviving member of Hoover's cabinet, Patrick J. Hurley, died on July 30, 1963, more than a year before Hoover's death on October 20, 1964.
  80. ^ Roosevelt's first inauguration took place on March 4, 1933. His second inauguration took place on January 20, 1937, and is the first inauguration to take place on that date. As a result of this, his first term was cut short by 43 days.
  81. ^ Perkins was appointed United States Secretary of Labor in 1933. She served in that position until 1945, and resigned after Roosevelt died in office. She is the longest-served Secretary of Labor till date.
  82. ^ On April 30, 1939, Roosevelt appeared at the opening ceremony of the 1939 New York World's Fair and gave a speech. The speech was televised, and Roosevelt became the first president of the United States to give a speech that is broadcast by television. Roosevelt's speech was seen on black and white television sets with 5 to 12-inch tubes.
  83. ^ Roosevelt won a record four presidential elections, and served four terms in office from 1933 to 1945. More precisely, Roosevelt served three full terms, and died 2 months and 24 days into his fourth term. He still remain the longest-served president of the United States. After his death, the term limit was reduced to two terms.
  84. ^ Roosevelt's total vetoes were 635, though 9 were overridden.
  85. ^ Roosevelt issued 263 pocket vetoes.
  86. ^ Roosevelt visited Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay in his administration. However, Theodore Roosevelt visited Panama, which was considered part of South America when he visited but no longer is.
  87. ^ Roosevelt traveled aboard a Boeing 314 Clipper during his secret 1943 mission to Casablanca. As a result of this trip, he also became the first president to visit Africa while in office. He visited Morocco, Liberia, Tunisia, Gambia, Egypt and Algeria.
  88. ^ Truman visited Allied-occupied Germany in July–August 1945, for attending the Potsdam conference.
  89. ^ Truman served as an officer of the American Expeditionary Forces and commanded Battery D of the 129th Field Artillery Regiment. He saw combat service in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He was discharged from the Army in 1919, with the rank of major. He remained affiliated with the United States Army Reserve until 1953. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1925 and colonel in 1932.
  90. ^ Truman's second inauguration in 1949 was the first presidential inauguration televised. Millions of people watched the inauguration, broadcast as a single live program that aired on every network.[252] Many schoolchildren watched from their classrooms.[253] Truman authorized a holiday for federal employees so that they could also watch.[254] The ceremony, and Truman's speech, were also broadcast abroad through the Voice of America, and translated into other languages including Russian and German.[255] According to some calculations, the 1949 inauguration had more witnesses than all previous presidential inaugurations combined.[253][256]
  91. ^ Truman left office on January 20, 1953, and was succeeded by Dwight D. Eisenhower as the 34th president of the United States.
  92. ^ In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Medicare bill at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess Truman, to honor the former president's fight for government health care while in office.[257]
  93. ^ While being territories in prior administrations, Alaska and Hawaii would be formally admitted as states on January 3rd, 1959 and August 21, 1959, respectively
  94. ^ Eisenhower began his presidency on January 20, 1953, succeeding Harry S. Truman.[31]
  95. ^ Kennedy was born in 1917 and took office in 1961. But his four successors were older than him, the oldest of them being Lyndon B. Johnson, his immediate successor, who was born in 1908, and thus is the earliest-born president of the 20th century.
  96. ^ Kennedy and Nixon took part in four televised debates in 1960.[292]
  97. ^ Kennedy received the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957, for his book Profiles in Courage.
  98. ^ Kennedy was assassinated by a gunshot to the head on November 22, 1963. His father Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. outlived him by six years, dying in 1969. His mother Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy outlived him by more than 30 years, dying in 1995. He has been, to date, the only president to be survived by both parents, and also the shortest-lived U.S. president, dying at the age of 46 years, 177 days.[58]
  99. ^ Kennedy was assassinated by a gunshot to the head on November 22, 1963. His father Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. outlived him by six years, dying in 1969. His mother Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy outlived him by more than 30 years, dying in 1995. He has been, to date, the only president to be survived by both parents, and also the shortest-lived U.S. president, dying at the age of 46 years, 177 days.[58]
  100. ^ Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. His maternal grandmother, Mary Josephine Hannon, died on August 8, 1964, at the age of 98. Already ailing at the time of her grandson's assassination, she was never told of that news by anyone until her death.[302]
  101. ^ Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. His maternal grandmother, Mary Josephine Hannon, died on August 8, 1964, at the age of 98. Already ailing at the time of her grandson's assassination, she was never told of that news by anyone until her death.[302]
  102. ^ Kennedy granted honorary citizenship to former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill in 1963.
  103. ^ Jimmy Carter's full name is James Earl Carter Jr, but he is better known by his nickname, "Jimmy" Carter, which was used on all official documents while he was president.
  104. ^ Ongoing.
  105. ^ While President Reagan first granted civilians access to government GPS technology, President Clinton removed selective availability and granted civilians unrestricted access to GPS satellites, "flipping the blue switch" and unleashing a worldwide revolution in civil and commercial applications, leading to the creation of GPS Block III.
  106. ^ Clinton's wife Hillary took office as a Senator from New York on January 3, 2001, which was 17 days before Clinton's term ended.
  107. ^ Biden was 78 years and 61 days old when he was sworn in as president, beating the previous age record held by Ronald Reagan, who was 77 years and 349 days old on his last day as president.
  108. ^ In 2008, Biden won a seventh term to serve in the US Senate for an additional 6 years. However, since the Obama-Biden ticket won the concurrently held elections for president and vice president, Biden resigned from the Senate 12 days into his seventh term.

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