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List of countries by public sector size

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This is a list of countries by public sector size, calculated as the number of public sector employees as a percentage of the total workforce. Information is based mainly on data from the OECD[1][2][3] and the ILO.[4] If a source has figures for more than one year, only the most recent figure is used (with notes for exceptional circumstances).

In the former Eastern Bloc countries, the public sector in 1989 accounted for between 70% and over 90% of total employment.[5] In China a full 78.3% of the urban labor force were employed in the public sector by 1978, the year the Chinese economic reform was launched, after which the rates dropped. Jin Zeng estimates the numbers were 56.4% in 1995 and 32.8% in 2003,[6] while other estimates are higher.[7][8][9]

In OECD countries, the average public sector employment rate was 21.3% in 2013.[1]

List

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CountryOECD (%)[1][2][3]ILO (%)[4][10][11][12]Other estimates (%)
 Afghanistan8.3 (2021)
 Angola14.6 (2014)
 Albania14.4 (2019)
 American Samoa25.0 (2012)
 Argentina17.8 (2022)
 Armenia19.3 (2020)19.4 (2020)
 Australia20.4 (2012)28.9 (2020)
 Austria15.2 (2014)8.0 (2022)
 Azerbaijan21.9 (2022)21.7 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Bahamas33.7 (2009)
 Bangladesh3.1 (2017)
 Bahrain9.6 (20128.4*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2010)[14]
 Barbados17.1 (2019)
 Belarus39.3 (2015)72.0 (World Bank publication, 2010),[5] 40.1 (BelStat, 2017)[15]
 Belgium21.5 (2013)21.1 (2019)
 Bermuda12.1 (2012)
 Bhutan25.0 (2022)
 Bolivia7.7 (2022)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina24.5 (2022)
 Botswana18.0 (2022)
 Brazil12.1 (2013)12.1 (2022)
 Bulgaria21.1 (2019)
 Cameroon9.8 (2014)
 Canada22.4 (2013)21.2 (2022)
 Chile14.0 (2013)9.4 (2022)
 China28.0 (2012)7.89 (Chinese Government, 2021)[16]
 Colombia10.0 (2013)4.2 (2022)5.3*[b] (2017, Public Spending and Investment Commission),[17] 6.8 (2017, Colombian Insurers Federation)[18]
 Costa Rica12.4 (2022)
 Croatia29.8 (2020)
 Czech Republic18.0 (2013)15.4 (2015)
 Cuba77.0 (2010)72.0 (2014, Third World Quarterly)[19] 72.8 (2018, Statistical Yearbook of Cuba)[20] 65.0 (2022, OIEI) [21]
 Denmark32.9 (2011)30.2 (2020)
 Dominican Republic13.8 (2022)
 Ecuador7.0 (2022)
 Egypt21.2 (2020)
 El Salvador8.1 (2022)
 Estonia22.0 (2013)23.8 (2019)
 Ethiopia6.6 (2021)
 Finland27.0 (2013)26.1 (2019)
 France28.0 (2013)20.0 (2022)
 Gambia8.0 (2023)
 Georgia17.7 (2019)21.1 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Ghana6.4 (2017)
 Germany15.3 (2012)12.9 (2013)
 Greece14.6 (2012)21.3 (2019)
 Greenland40.2 (2015)
 Guatemala6.1 (2022)
 Guinea6.8 (2018)
 Haiti9.0 (2012)
 Hong Kong7.1 (2014)
 Hungary24.8 (2012)30.4 (2018)
 India3.80 (2014)4.7*[c] (2002)[22] 3.80 (World Bank Data and Reserve Bank of India Data, 2012)[23][24]
 Indonesia8.7 (2022)
 Iran14.9 (2020)
 Iraq37.4 (2021)
 Ireland19.5 (2014)21.9 (2019)
 Israel20.7 (2007)31.4 (2021)
 Italy18.3 (2013)16.0 (2013)
 Japan12.9 (2014)7.7 (2019)
 Jordan24.3 (2019)
 Kazakhstan23.3 (2012)20.8 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Kosovo27.8 (2020)20.8 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Kuwait18.6 (2016)18.5*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
 Kyrgyzstan17.0 (2021)15.1 (World Bank publication, 2009)[13]
 Laos11.4 (2017)
 Latvia31.2 (2013)29.0 (2020)
 Liberia40.3 (2017)
 Liechtenstein7.1 (2015)
 Lithuania26.9 (2019)24.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
 Luxembourg22.1 (2011)11.7 (2018)
 Macau6.5 (2014)
 Madagascar4.0 (2015)
 Malaysia15.1 (2019)
 Mali2.38 (2020)
 Mauritius18.1 (2019)
 Mexico13.8 (2013)11.8 (2022)
 Moldova16.2 (2022)41.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
 Mongolia36.6 (2022)
 Montenegro32.2 (2021)[25][26]
 Morocco8.4 (2022)
 New Zealand13.4 (2011)11.5 (2011)
 Nicaragua8.1 (2012)
 Nigeria3.6 (2022)
 Netherlands17.3 (2013)19.9 (2019)
 North Macedonia25.6 (2022)
 Norway35.6 (2013)32.2 (2020)
OECD21.3*[d] (2013)
 Oman78.7 (2020)14.0*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
 Pakistan7.3 (2021)
 Palestine20.9 (2022)
 Panama16.1 (2022)
 Paraguay10.5 (2022)
 Peru8.2 (2022)
 Philippines9.1 (2019)
 Poland25.2 (2013)23.6 (2019)16.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
 Portugal18.4 (2014)14.7 (2014)
 Qatar11.3 (2022)12.1*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2009)[14]
 Romania16.0 (2019)15.3 (INS, 2015)[27]
 Russia40.6 (2011)31.0 (2016, IMF)[28]
 Rwanda5.6 (2022)
 Saint Lucia17.6 (2022)
 San Marino23.4 (2022)
 Saudi Arabia35.335.3*[a] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[14]
 Senegal6.3 (2019)
 Serbia23.3 (2022)
 Seychelles44.3 (2020)
 Singapore9.9 (2022)
 Slovakia18.2 (2013)28.0 (2022)
 Slovenia20.9 (2012)20.9 (2012)
 South Africa17.4 (2013)15.7 (2022)
 South Korea11.6 (2013)10.3 (2014)
 Spain17.9 (2014)16.3 (2019)
 Sri Lanka14.8 (2019)
 Sweden29.9 (2013)29.3 (2020)
  Switzerland18.0 (2014)15.3 (2022)
 Tajikistan33.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5]
 Tanzania4.6 (2020)
 Thailand9.6 (2022)
 Trinidad and Tobago22.9 (2021)
 Turkey15.9 (2011)15.0 (2022)
 Uganda4.1 (2017)
 Ukraine26.7 (2012)26.5 (2013)
 United Arab Emirates10.2 (2021)
 United Kingdom21.5 (2013)22.5 (2020)16.7 (House of Commons Library, 2020)[29]
 United States17.6 [not included in dataset] (2013)13.4 (2022)19.2 (Mercatus publication, 2013)[30]
 Uruguay15.7 (2022)
 Uzbekistan18.2 (2019)
 Venezuela24.3 (2020)
 Vietnam7.6 (2022)
 Yemen19.3 (2014)
 Zambia6.7 (2019)
 Zimbabwe12.1 (2019)
  1. ^ a b c d e GCC estimates by Baldwin-Edwards are state employment as a proportion of total employment. The employment of nationals is primarily in the state sector, with migrant workers dominating the private sector.
  2. ^ The number of employees in Colombia's public sector is underestimated because subcontracting and outsourcing are common in many government agencies.
  3. ^ India's public sector still accounted for 69% of the country's organised workforce.
  4. ^ OECD average for 2013 does not include Australia, Czech Republic, Germany, South Korea, Ireland and Portugal.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c OECD (2015). "Employment in the public sector". Government at a Glance 2015. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/g2224992d2-en. S2CID 242295583. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  2. ^ a b OECD (2013). "Employment in general government and public corporations". Government at a Glance 2013. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  3. ^ a b OECD (2011). "Employment in General Government and Public Corporations". Government at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  4. ^ a b "Share of employment in the public sector by sex (%)". International Labour Organization. Retrieved 20 October 2015. [dead link]
  5. ^ a b c d e f Omar S. Arias; Carolina Sánchez-Páramo; María E. Dávalos; Indhira Santos; Erwin R. Tiongson; Carola Gruen; Natasha de Andrade Falcão; Gady Saiovici; Cesar A. Cancho (2014). Back to Work: Growing with Jobs in Europe and Central Asia. World Bank Publications. pp. 86, 101. ISBN 978-0-8213-9911-8.
  6. ^ Zeng, Jin (2013). State-Led Privatization in China: The Politics of Economic Reform. Routledge. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-134-46489-0.
  7. ^ http://www.xf.gov.cn/zxzx/gjj/202001/t20200123_2016545.shtml
  8. ^ "国家统计局局长就2019年全年国民经济运行情况答记者问".
  9. ^ "CHART OF THE DAY: Guess Which Country Has The Highest Percentage Of Workers Employed By The Government". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
  10. ^ "Home - LOSTAT - the leading source of labour statistics".
  11. ^ "Home - ILOSTAT - the leading source of labour statistics".
  12. ^ "ILO Data Explorer".
  13. ^ a b c d e Indermit S. Gill; Ivailo Izvorski; Willem van Eeghen; Donato De Rosa (2014). Diversified Development: Making the Most of Natural Resources in Eurasia. World Bank Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4648-0120-4.
  14. ^ a b c d e Baldwin-Edwards, Martin (2011). "Labour immigration and labour markets in the GCC countries: national patterns and trends". Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States. 15. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science: 15.
  15. ^ National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, "Численность занятого населения по формам собственности"
  16. ^ https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01
  17. ^ "La austeridad de Duque: ¿es posible reducir la burocracia?". 19 November 2018.
  18. ^ "¿Cuántos empleados públicos?".
  19. ^ Torres, Ricardo (2 June 2016). "Economic transformations in Cuba: a review". Third World Quarterly. 37 (9): 1683–1697. doi:10.1080/01436597.2016.1177454. S2CID 156099431.
  20. ^ "El establecimiento de PYMES en Cuba pudiera aumentar el Producto Interno Bruto entre 1,5 y 1,7%". 28 April 2020.
  21. ^ https://horizontecubano.law.columbia.edu/news/precarious-work-cuba-introduction#:~:text=Although%20the%20Cuban%20Government%20has,work%20in%20the%20private%20sector
  22. ^ Kumar, Rajiv (2008). India and the Global Economy. Academic Foundation. p. 246. ISBN 978-81-7188-661-6.
  23. ^ "Labor force, total - India | Data".
  24. ^ "Reserve Bank of India - Publications".
  25. ^ "Mjesečni statistički pregled" (PDF). Monstat (in Montenegrin). 2021-05-16.
  26. ^ "Na državnim jaslama preko 50.000 zaposlenih". Investitor.me (in Montenegrin). Retrieved 2021-05-16.
  27. ^ "84 pct of Romania's employed population work in the private sector, says INS". Business Review. 30 April 2015.
  28. ^ "The Russian State's Size and its Footprint: Have They Increased?". 2 June 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ Foley, Niamh (2 December 2020). "Briefing paper: Public sector employment by parliamentary constituency" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Commons Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  30. ^ "Government-Financed Employment and the Real Private Sector in the 50 States". Mercatus Center. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
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