A medicine man (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwinini) or medicine woman (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwininiikwe) is a traditional healer and spiritual leader who serves a community of Indigenous people of the Americas. Each culture has its own name in its language for spiritual healers and ceremonial leaders.
Cultural context
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In the ceremonial context of Indigenous North American communities, "medicine" usually refers to spiritual healing. Medicine men/women should not be confused with those who employ Native American ethnobotany, a practice that is very common in a large number of Native American and First Nations households.[2][3][4]
The terms medicine people or ceremonial people are sometimes used in Native American and First Nations communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall (Cherokee) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people is privileged, and it often remains in particular families."[5]
Native Americans tend to be quite reluctant to discuss issues about medicine or medicine people with non-Indians. In some cultures, the people will not even discuss these matters with American Indians from other tribes. In most tribes, medicine elders are prohibited from advertising or introducing themselves as such. As Nuttall writes, "An inquiry to a Native person about religious beliefs or ceremonies is often viewed with suspicion."[5] One example of this is the Apache medicine cord or Izze-kloth whose purpose and use by Apache medicine elders was a mystery to nineteenth century ethnologists because "the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them."[6]
The term medicine man/woman, like the term shaman, has been criticized by Native Americans, as well as other specialists in the fields of religion and anthropology.
While non-Native anthropologists often use the term shaman for Indigenous healers worldwide, including the Americas, shaman is the specific name for a spiritual mediator from the Tungusic peoples of Siberia[7] and is not used in Native American or First Nations communities.
Frauds and scams
editThere are many fraudulent healers and scam artists who pose as Cherokee "shamans", and the Cherokee Nation has had to speak out against these people, even forming a task force to handle the issue. In order to seek help from a Cherokee medicine person, a person needs to know someone in the community who can vouch for them and provide a referral. Usually one makes contact through a relative who knows the healer.[8]
See also
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- Bomoh – Malay shaman and traditional medicine practitioner
- Dukun – Indonesian term for shaman
- Cultural appropriation – Inappropriate adoption of culture and cultural identity
- Curandero – Traditional healer found in Latin America and the United States
- Folk healer – Unlicensed traditional health practitioner
- Herbalism – Study and use of supposed medicinal properties of plants
- Holism – A system as a whole, not just its parts
- Keewaydinoquay Peschel – Herbalist and author from Michigan, U.S. (1919–1999)
- Kallawaya – Indigenous group in the Andes
- Kennekuk – Kickapoo religious leader
- Medicine bag – traditional North American Indian container for various items of supernatural power
- Native American ethnobotany – List of plants used by indigenous peoples of North America
- Native American religion – Systems of faith and worship of the Native Americans
- Plastic shaman – Fraudulent spiritual practitioner
- Prehistoric medicine – Medicine in the time before the invention of writing
- Quesalid – Canadian shaman
- Shamanism – Religious practice
- Trance – Abnormal state of wakefulness or altered state of consciousness
Notes
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