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→Steps toward the abolition of slavery: not finished | →Pre-Civil War: croeated wealth | ||
Line 27: {{See also|African Americans|African-American culture|African-American history|Category:Anti-black racism in the United States|Stereotypes of African Americans}} === {{see|Colonial history of the United States|History of the United States (1789–1849)|History of the United States (1849–1865)|Antebellum South}} [[Slavery]], as a form of [[Unfree labour|forced labor]], has existed in many [[culture]]s, dating back to [[Cradle of civilization|early human civilizations]]. Slavery is not inherently racial ''per se.'' In the [[United States]], however, [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] became [[Racial hierarchy|racialized]] by the time of the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]] (1775–1783), when slavery was widely institutionalized as a racial [[caste]] system which was based on African ancestry and [[Discrimination based on skin color|skin color]].<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_history_of_american_slavery/2015/05/why_america_adopted_race_based_slavery.html |title= The Birth of Race-Based Slavery |last=Wood |first=Peter |date=2003 |journal=Slate |id= (May 19, 2015): Reprinted from "Strange New Land: Africans in Colonial America" by Peter H. Wood with permission from Oxford University Press. ©1996, 2003}}</ref> Line 35: {{further|Slavery in the United States|The 1619 Project}} [[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|right|Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], in 1769.]] The [[Atlantic slave trade]] prospered, with more than 470,000 slaves having been forcibly transported from Africa between 1626 and 1860 to what is now the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eltis|first=David|title=Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database |url=https://archive.org/details/extendingfrontie00elti |url-access=limited |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press|location=United States of America|isbn=978-0-300-13436-0| page=[https://archive.org/details/extendingfrontie00elti/page/n47 31]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Eltis |first=David |title=Estimates |url=http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces |access-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027021745/http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces |archive-date=October 27, 2013 }}</ref> Prior to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], eight serving presidents owned slaves, a practice which was protected by the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Calore|first1=Paul|title=The Causes of the Civil War: The Political, Cultural, Economic and Territorial Disputes between North and South|date=2008|publisher=McFarland|page=10}}</ref> ▲The [[Atlantic slave trade]] prospered, with more than 470,000 slaves having been forcibly transported from Africa between 1626 and 1860 to what is now the United States.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eltis|first=David|title=Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database |url=https://archive.org/details/extendingfrontie00elti |url-access=limited |year=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press|location=United States of America|isbn=978-0-300-13436-0| page=[https://archive.org/details/extendingfrontie00elti/page/n47 31]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Eltis |first=David |title=Estimates |url=http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces |access-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027021745/http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces |archive-date=October 27, 2013 }}</ref> Prior to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], eight serving presidents owned slaves, a practice which was protected by the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Calore|first1=Paul|title=The Causes of the Civil War: The Political, Cultural, Economic and Territorial Disputes between North and South|date=2008|publisher=McFarland|page=10}}</ref> Providing wealth for the white elite, approximately one in four [[Southern United States|Southern]] families held slaves prior to the Civil War. According to the 1860 U.S. census, there were about 385,000 slave owners out of a white population of approximately 7 million in the slave states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fpri.org/articles/2008/08/teaching-about-slavery|title=Teaching about Slavery|work=Foreign Policy Research Institute}}</ref><ref>[[Alonzo L. Hamby]], George Clack, and Mildred Sola Neely. [http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/historybrf/index.htm "Outline of US History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405170847/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/historybrf/index.htm |date=April 5, 2008 }}. US Department of State.</ref> White European Americans who participated in the slave industry tried to justify their economic exploitation of [[black people]] by creating a [[Scientific racism|"scientific" theory of white superiority and black inferiority]].<ref name=Boggs>{{cite journal |jstor=41202851 |title=Uprooting Racism and Racists in the United States |last=Boggs |first=James |author-link=James Boggs (activist) |journal=The Black Scholar |publisher=Paradigm Publishers |date=October 1970 |volume=2 |number=2 |pages=2–5|doi=10.1080/00064246.1970.11431000 }}</ref> One such slave owner was [[Thomas Jefferson]], and it was his call for science to determine the obvious "inferiority" of blacks that is regarded as "an extremely important stage in the evolution of scientific racism."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garrod |first1=Joel Z.|title=A Brave Old World: An Analysis of Scientific Racism and BiDil |journal=McGill Journal of Medicine |volume=9|issue=1|pages=54–60|pmc=2687899|year=2006|pmid=19529811}}</ref> He concluded that blacks were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind."<ref>Paul Finkelman (November 12, 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/01/opinion/the-real-thomas-jefferson.html?pagewanted=all "The Monster of Monticello"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved July 14, 2020.</ref> Groups of armed white men, who were called [[slave patrol]]s, were formed to monitor enslaved black people.<ref name="Policing"/> First established in South Carolina in 1704 and later established in other [[slave states]], their function was to police slaves, especially runaways. Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or rebellions, so state militias were formed in order to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols so they could be used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or rebellions.<ref name="Policing">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-10|title=Slave Patrols: An Early Form of American Policing |url=https://lawenforcementmuseum.org/2019/07/10/slave-patrols-an-early-form-of-american-policing/ |access-date=2020-06-16|website=National Law Enforcement Museum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Loewen, James W. Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong. The New Press, 2013. Print.</ref> ====Domestic slave trade==== ==== Steps toward the abolition of slavery ====▼ [[File:Whippedslaveedit.jpg|thumb|Scars of a whipped slave, April 2, 1863, [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] ]]▼ During the 1820s and 1830s, the solution of the [[American Colonization Society]] (ACS) to the presence of [[Free Negro|free blacks]] was to persuade them to emigrate to Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 |title=Background on conflict in Liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108042234/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 |archive-date=January 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 1821, the ACS established the colony of [[Liberia]], and persuaded thousands of former slaves and free black people to move there. Some slaves were [[manumitted]] (set free) on condition that they emigrate. The slave states made no secret that they wanted to get rid of free blacks, who they believed threatened their investment, the slaves, encouraging escapes and revolts. The support for the ACS was primarily Southern. The founder of the ACS, [[Henry Clay]] of Kentucky, stated that because of "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off".<ref name=ATH>Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). ''The slumbering volcano: American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity''. p.264. Duke University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8223-1992-6}}</ref> Thousands of black people were resettled in Liberia, where they formed an American English speaking enclave which could not assimilate back into African life and as a result, most of them died of tropical diseases.▼ [[File:1853 slave trader advertisement.jpg|thumb|left|Advertisement by a slave trader offering various amounts for slaves in [[Lexington, Kentucky]], 1853]] Although the “importation” of [[Slavery in the United States|slaves into the United States]] was outlawed by federal law from 1808, the [[Slavery in the United States#Domestic slave trade and forced migration|domestic trade in slaves]] continued to be a major economic activity.<ref name="CUP">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhJcsiydNe8C&pg=PA20 |page=20|title=Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture |isbn=9780521001496 |date=2002-07-04 |last1=Morgan |first1=Marcyliena}}</ref> Maryland and Virginia, for example, would "export" its surplus slaves to the [[File:Ashley's Sack (Slave Sack c. mid-19th century).jpg|thumb|right|[[Ashley's Sack]] is a cloth that recounts a slave sale separating a mother and her daughter. The sack belonged to a nine-year-old girl Ashley which was a parting gift from her mother, Rose, after Ashley had been sold. Rose filled the sack with a dress, braid of her hair, pecans, and "my love always"]] Line 52 ⟶ 48: ====Getting rid of free blacks==== ▲==== Steps toward the abolition of slavery ==== ▲[[File:Whippedslaveedit.jpg|thumb|Scars of a whipped slave, April 2, 1863, [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] ]] ▲During the 1820s and 1830s, the solution of the [[American Colonization Society]] (ACS) to the presence of [[Free Negro|free blacks]] was to persuade them to emigrate to Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 |title=Background on conflict in Liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108042234/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75 |archive-date=January 8, 2011 }}</ref> In 1821, the ACS established the colony of [[Liberia]], and persuaded thousands of former slaves and free black people to move there. Some slaves were [[manumitted]] (set free) on condition that they emigrate. The slave states made no secret that they wanted to get rid of free blacks, who they believed threatened their investment, the slaves, encouraging escapes and revolts. The support for the ACS was primarily Southern. The founder of the ACS, [[Henry Clay]] of Kentucky, stated that because of "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off".<ref name=ATH>Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). ''The slumbering volcano: American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity''. p.264. Duke University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8223-1992-6}}</ref> Thousands of black people were resettled in Liberia, where they formed an American English speaking enclave which could not assimilate back into African life and as a result, most of them died of tropical diseases. Blacks that were enslaved were seen by Southerners as valuable property. Free blacks, whether manumitted or born free, were not citizens and wete not wanted anywhere in the United States, and certainly not in the Northern states, even though they had outlawed the slave trade. (See [[Canterbury Female Boarding School]], [[Noyes Academy]], and [[New-York Central College#Hostility to the college]].) The [[American Colonization Society]] was only able to move | |||
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