Yare Wolof

Sama da mutane miliyan 10 ke magana da Wolof kuma kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 (kimanin mutane miliyan 5) na al'ummar Senegal suna magana da Wolof a matsayin yarensu na asali. Ƙarfafa motsi, musamman haɓakar babban birnin Dakar, ya haifar da buƙatar harshe na gama gari: a yau, ƙarin 40 bisa dari na yawan jama'a suna magana da Wolof a matsayin harshe na biyu ko samu. A duk yankin daga Dakar zuwa Saint-Louis, da kuma yamma da kudu maso yammacin Kaolack, yawancin mutane suna magana da Wolof. Yawanci lokacin da kabilu daban-daban a Senegal suka taru a birane da garuruwa, suna jin Wolof. Don haka ana magana da shi a kusan kowane babban yanki da yanki na Senegal. Duk da haka, harshen hukuma na Senegal Faransanci ne.

A Gambiya, ko da yake kusan kashi 20 – 25 cikin 100 na al’ummar ƙasar suna magana da Wolof a matsayin yaren farko, amma tana da tasirin da bai dace ba saboda yaɗuwarta a Banjul, babban birnin Gambia, inda kashi 75 na al’ummar ƙasar ke amfani da shi a matsayin yaren farko. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a Serekunda, birni mafi girma a Gambiya, ko da yake ƴan tsiraru ne kawai 'yan kabilar Wolofs, kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na al'ummar ƙasar suna magana ko fahimtar Wolof.

A Mauritania, kusan kashi bakwai cikin dari na yawan jama'a (kimanin mutane 185,000) suna magana da Wolof. Yawancin suna zaune a kusa da kogin Senegal da Mauritania ke raba tare da Senegal.

Wolof ɗaya ne daga cikin harsunan Senegambian, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da maye gurbi . Yawancin lokaci ana cewa yana da alaƙa da harshen Fula saboda kuskuren da Wilson (1989) ya yi na bayanan da ke cikin Sapir (1971) waɗanda aka daɗe ana amfani da su don rarraba harsunan Atlantic.

Wolof na Senegal/Mauritaniya da Wolof na Gambiya sun bambanta ma'auni na ƙasa: suna amfani da ƙa'idodi daban-daban kuma suna amfani da yaruka daban-daban (Faransa da Ingilishi) azaman tushen su don kalmomin lamuni na fasaha. Koyaya, duka harsunan magana da rubuce-rubuce suna fahimtar juna. Lebu Wolof, a gefe guda, ba shi da fahimta ga daidaitattun masu magana da Wolof, bambancin da ya ɓace saboda duk masu magana da Lebu suna da harsuna biyu a daidaitattun Wolof. ^[3]

Lura: Ana buga fassarori na sauti tsakanin maƙallan murabba'i [] bin ka'idodin Harafin Wayar Waya ta Duniya (IPA).

Dokokin gwamnati tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1985 ne aka kafa rubutun kalmomin Latin na Wolof a Senegal . Cibiyar harshe " Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar " (CLAD) an yarda da ita a matsayin hukuma idan aka zo ga ƙa'idodin rubutun kalmomi na Wolof. Cikakken haruffa shine A, B, C, D, E, Ë, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, Ƙasa, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, W, X, Y. Ba a haɗa haruffan V da Z a cikin kalmomin Wolof na asali ba.

Ana rubuta Wolof sau da yawa a cikin wannan rubutun waƙa, wanda a cikin saƙon wayoyi ke da bayyananniyar wasiƙa ɗaya zuwa ɗaya ga zane-zane .

Rubutun Wolof na Larabci, wanda ake kira Wolofal, shi ma gwamnati ta kafa shi, tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1990, duk da cewa ba a amince da shi da wata doka ba, saboda kokarin da ma'aikatar ilimi ta Senegal ta yi na zama wani bangare na bangarori da yawa. kokarin daidaita daidaiton kasa. Ana amfani da wannan haruffa tun kafin mulkin mallaka, a matsayin tsarin rubutu na farko da aka fara amfani da shi ga Wolof, kuma har yanzu mutane da yawa, galibi Imamai da dalibansu a makarantun kur’ani da Islamiyya suna amfani da su.

Bugu da ƙari, akwai wani rubutun: Garay, rubutun haruffa wanda Assane Faye 1961 ya ƙirƙira, wanda ƴan tsirarun masu magana da Wolof suka karɓa.

An danne silar farko ta kalmomi; Dogayen wasulan ana furta su da karin lokaci amma ba a matsa musu kai tsaye ba, kamar yadda suke cikin Turanci.

Wasikun sune kamar haka: ^[4]

Ana iya samun ƙarin ƙananan wasali, ko kuma wannan yana iya ruɗewa da rubutun a .^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}</link>^{[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]}

Duk wasulan na iya zama dogayen (rubuta ninki biyu) ko gajere. ^[5] /aː/</link> an rubuta ⟨ à ⟩ kafin dogon (prenasalized ko geminate) baki (misali làmbi "arena"). Lokacin da e da ó aka rubuta sau biyu, alamar lafazin sau da yawa yana kan harafin farko ne kawai.

Babu kwatankwacin -ATR na manyan wasulan iu . Suna haifar da jituwa + ATR a cikin suffixes lokacin da suka faru a cikin tushen, amma a cikin suffix, suna iya zama bayyananne ga jituwar wasali.

Wasan wasali na wasu kari ko ƙulli ba su dace da wasulan da suka gabata ba. A mafi yawan lokuta bin wasulan sun dace da su. Wato sun sake saita jituwa, kamar kalma ce ta daban. Duk da haka, idan suffix/clitic ya ƙunshi babban wasali (+ATR) wanda ke faruwa bayan tushen −ATR, duk wani ƙarin kari ya dace da tushen. Wato, +ATR suffix/clitic shine "m" ga daidaiton wasali. Misali shine mummunan -u- in, inda jituwa zata hango *kofa-u-më-léén-fë . Wato, ni ko U suna nuna kamar nasu -ATR analogs.

Marubuta sun bambanta a ko sun nuna jituwar wasali a rubuce, da kuma ko sun rubuta clitics azaman kalmomi dabam dabam.

Consonants a matsayin farko-kalmar sune kamar haka: ^[6]

Duk sauƙaƙan hanci, na baka yana tsayawa baya ga q da glottal, kuma sonorant lryw na iya zama geminated (ninki biyu), kodayake geminate r yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin akida . ^{[7] [8]} (An rubuta baƙar fata sau biyu.) Q yana da girma kuma yana iya faruwa a wuri na farko; in ba haka ba, geminate baƙaƙe da gungu masu baƙar magana, gami da nt, nc, nk, nq ( [ɴq]</link> ), an taƙaita su zuwa matsakaicin kalma da matsayi na ƙarshe. A wuri na ƙarshe, baƙaƙen baƙaƙe na iya biye da wani ɗan wasali na schwa mara nauyi.

Daga cikin baƙaƙen da ke cikin ginshiƙi na sama, pdck baya faruwa a matsakaici ko matsayi na ƙarshe, ana maye gurbinsu da frs da sifili, kodayake geminate pp dd cc kk na gama gari. Phonetic pck yana faruwa a ƙarshe, amma kawai azaman allophones na bjg saboda sadaukarwar ƙarshe .

Mafi qarancin nau'i-nau'i : ^[9]

bët ("ido") - bëtt ("nemo")

yaro ("don kama wuta") - yaro ("don zama mai haske")

dag ("bawan sarki") - dagg ("yanke")

dëj ("Jana'izar") - dëjj (" cunt ")

fen ("to (gaya) ƙarya") - fenn ("wani wuri, babu inda")

gal ("fararen zinare") - gall ("don regurgitate")

goŋ ("baboon") - goŋŋ (wani irin gado)

gëm ("don gaskata") - gëmm ("rufe idanu")

Jaw (sunan dangi) - jaww ("sama")

nëb ("ruɓaɓɓen") - nëbb ("ɓoye")

woñ ("zaren") - woññ ("don ƙidaya")

Ba kamar yawancin harsunan Afirka na kudu da hamadar Sahara ba, Wolof ba shi da sautuna . Sauran harsunan da ba na tonal ba na yankin Saharar Afirka sun haɗa da Amharic, Swahili da Fula .

A cikin Wolof, fi'ili sune tushen tushe waɗanda ba za a iya haɗa su ba. Don bayyana lokuta daban-daban ko sassa na wani aiki, sunaye na sirri suna haɗuwa – ba fi’ili ba. Don haka, kalmar karin magana ta wucin gadi ta zama abin kafa ga wannan sashin magana. Ana kuma kiransa da sigar mayar da hankali.

Misali: Fi'ili dem yana nufin " tafi " kuma ba za a iya canza shi ba; ma'anar karin magana na ɗan lokaci maa ngi na nufin " Ni/ni, nan da yanzu "; ma'anar sunan ɗan lokaci dinaa yana nufin " I am soon / I will soon / I will be soon ". Da wannan, ana iya gina jimloli masu zuwa yanzu: Maa ngi dem. " Zan tafi (nan da yanzu). " - Dinaa dem. " Zan tafi (nan da sannu). "

A cikin Wolof, lokuta kamar na yanzu, na baya, da na gaba suna da mahimmanci na biyu kuma kusan ba su taka rawar gani ba. Muhimmin mahimmanci shine fannin aiki daga mahallin mai magana. Bambance-bambancen da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne ko aiki ya kasance cikakke (gama) ko kuma bai cika ba (har yanzu yana ci gaba daga mahangar mai magana), ba tare da la’akari da ko aikin da kansa ya faru a baya, yanzu, ko nan gaba ba. Wasu al'amura sun nuna ko wani aiki yana faruwa akai-akai, ko tabbas wani abu zai faru da kuma ko ɗan wasan kwaikwayo yana so ya jaddada matsayin batun, abin da ya gabata, ko wani abu. ^{[ <span title="The meanings sound like something other than aspect: evidentiality or focus perhaps. (March 2017)">bayani da ake buƙata</span> ]} A sakamakon haka, ana yin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar ba ta da ƙarfi amma al'amari. Duk da haka, kalmar karin magana ta wucin gadi ta saba da irin wannan hadadden karin magana ko da yake bangaren karin magana na iya zama mafi kyawu.

Misali, fi’ili dem yana nufin “ tafi ”; ma'anar karin magana na dan lokaci na'a na nufin " I already/tabbas ", ma'anar karin magana dinaa na nufin " I am soon/ I will soon / I will be soon "; ma'anar suna na ɗan lokaci damay yana nufin " Ni (am) akai-akai/yawanci ". Ana iya gina jimloli masu zuwa: Dem naa. " Na tafi / Na riga na tafi. " - Dinaa dem. " Zan tafi ba da jimawa ba / zan tafi kawai. " - Damay dem. " Ni yawanci/kullum/kullum/na kusa tafiya. "

Mai iya magana na iya bayyana cewa wani aiki ya faru a baya ta hanyar ƙara ƙaranci -(w) a cikin fi'ili (a cikin jimla, karin magana na ɗan lokaci har yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin nau'i mai haɗaka tare da alamar da ta gabata):

Demoon naa Ndakaaru. " Na riga na tafi Dakar. "

Wolof yana da manyan azuzuwan fi'ili guda biyu: mai ƙarfi da tsauri . Ba a sanya fi'ili; maimakon haka ana amfani da karin magana don yiwa mutum alama, al'amari, tashin hankali, da mai da hankali. ^:779

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yare Wolof". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. ↑ Danielle D'Offay & Guy Lionet, Diksyonner Kreol-Franse / Dictionnaire Créole Seychellois – Français, Helmut Buske Verlag, Hamburg, 1982.
3. ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
4. ↑ Unseth, 2009.
5. ↑ Long ëë is rare (Torrence 2013:10).
6. ↑ Omar Ka, 1994, Wolof Phonology and Morphology
7. ↑ Pape Amadou Gaye, Practical Cours in / Cours Practique en Wolof: An Audio–Aural Approach.
8. ↑ Some are restricted or rare, and sources disagree about this.
9. ↑ Diouf (2009)

Wolof baya sanya jinsin jima'i a matsayin jinsi na nahawu : akwai wani karin magana da ya ƙunshi Turanci 'shi', 'ita', da 'shi'. Ana ƙara ma'anar bu góor (namiji / namiji) ko bu jigeen (mace / mace) a cikin kalmomi kamar xarit, 'aboki', da rakk, 'kanin ɗan'uwa' don nuna jima'i na mutum.

Alamar tabbataccen suna (yawanci ake kira "tabbatattun labarai") sun yarda da sunan da suke gyarawa. Akwai aƙalla labarai goma a cikin Wolof, wasu daga cikinsu suna nuni da suna guda ɗaya, wasu kuma suna na jam'i. A cikin Urban Wolof, wanda ake magana a cikin manyan biranen kamar Dakar, ana amfani da labarin -bi sau da yawa azaman labarin gama gari lokacin da ba a san ainihin labarin ba..

Duk wani sunan lamuni daga Faransanci ko Ingilishi yana amfani da -bi: butik-bi, xarit-bi "Butika, aboki."

Yawancin kalmomin Larabci ko na addini suna amfani da -Ji: Jumma-Ji, jigéen-ji, "masallaci, yarinya."

Sunaye huɗu waɗanda ke nufin mutane suna amfani da -ki/- ñi:' nit-ki, nit-ñi, 'mutum, mutane''

Sunayen suna amfani da -yi: jigéen-yi, butik-yi, "'yan mata, boutiques"

Labari daban-daban: "si, gi, wi, mi, li."

Tsarin lambar Wolof ya dogara ne akan lambobi "5" da "10". Yana da tsari na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, kwatankwacin Sinanci . Misali: benn " daya ", juróom " biyar ", juróom-benn " shida " (a zahiri, "biyar-daya"), fukk " goma ", fukk ak juróom benn " sha shida " (a zahiri, "goma da biyar daya"), ñent-fukk " arba'in " (a zahiri, "hudu-goma"). A madadin, "talatin" shine fanweer, wanda shine kusan adadin kwanakin a cikin wata na lunar (a zahiri "fan" shine rana kuma "weer" wata ne.)

Lambobin yau da kullun (na farko, na biyu, na uku, da sauransu) ana samun su ta hanyar ƙara ƙarewa -éél (lafazin ayl) zuwa lambar kardinal .

Misali, biyu shine ñaar kuma na biyu shine ñaarél

Banda wannan tsarin shine "farko", wanda shine bu njëk (ko kalmar faransanci da aka daidaita ta farko : përëmye )

A cikin Wolof na birni, an saba amfani da nau'ikan jam'i na mutum na 3 kuma don jam'i na 1st.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa fi'ili yana bin takamaiman karin magana na ɗan lokaci kuma yana gaba da wasu.

An fassara Sabon Alkawari zuwa Wolof kuma an buga shi a cikin 1987, bugu na biyu 2004, kuma a cikin 2008 tare da wasu ƙananan gyare-gyare na rubutu.

Boubacar Boris Diop ya buga littafinsa Doomi Golo a Wolof a cikin 2002. ^[1]

Waƙar 1994 " 7 seconds " na Youssou N'Dour da Neneh Cherry an rera wani bangare ne a Wolof.

• Pidgin Wolof
• Jerin abubuwan da aka tsara na OK

Ilimin harshe

• Pathé Diagne: Grammaire de Wolof Moderne . Presence Africaine, Paris, Faransa, 1971.
• Pape Amadou Gaye: Wolof: Hanyar Sauti-Aural . Ƙungiyar Aminci ta Amurka, 1980.
• Amar Samb: Ƙaddamarwa a la Grammaire Wolof . Cibiyar Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Jami'ar Dakar, Ifan-Dakar, Sénegal, 1983.
• Michael Franke: Kauderwelsch, Wolof für den Senegal - Furen wort . Reise Know-How Verlag, Bielefeld, Jamus 2002,  .
• Michael Franke, Jean Léopold Diouf, Konstantin Pozdniakov : Le wolof de poche - Tattaunawar Kit de (Littafin jumla / nahawu tare da CD 1). Assimil, Chennevières-sur-Marne, Faransa, 2004  .
• Jean-Léopold Diouf, Marina Yaguello: J'apprends da Wolof - Damay jàng wolof (littafin karatu 1 tare da kaset na sauti 4). Karthala, Paris, Faransa 1991,  .
• Michel Malherbe, Cheikh Sall: Parlons Wolof – Langue da al’adu . L'Harmattan, Paris, Faransa 1989,  (wannan littafin yana amfani da sauƙaƙan rubutun waƙa wanda bai dace da ƙa'idodin CLAD ba; akwai CD).
• Jean-Léopold Diouf: Grammaire du wolof zamani . Karthala, Paris, Faransa 2003,  .
• Fallou Ngom: Wolof . Verlag LINCOM, Munich, Jamus 2003,  .
• Sana Camara: Wolof Lexicon da Grammar, NALRC Press, 2006,  .

Nahawu

• Diouf, Jean-Leopold: Dictionnaire wolof-français et français-wolof, Karthala, 2003
• Mamadou Cissé: Dictionnaire Français-Wolof, L'Asiathèque, Paris, 1998, 
• Aram Fal, Rosine Santos, Jean Léonce Doneux: Dictionnaire wolof-français (suivi d'un index français-wolof) . Karthala, Paris, Faransa 1990,  .
• Pamela Munro, Dieynaba Gaye: Ay Baati Wolof – Kamus na Wolof . Takardun Lokaci na UCLA a cikin Linguistics, No. 19, Los Angeles, California, 1997.
• Peace Corps Gambia: Wollof-English Dictionary, PO Box 582, Banjul, the Gambia, 1995 (ba ISBN ba; wannan littafin yana nufin yaren da ake magana a cikin Gambiya kawai kuma baya amfani da daidaitaccen rubutun CLAD).
• Nyima Kantorek: Wolof Dictionary & Jumloli, Littattafan Hippocrene, 2005,  (wannan littafin yana magana ne akan yaren da ake magana da shi a Gambiya kuma baya amfani da daidaitaccen rubutun CLAD).
• Sana Camara: Wolof Lexicon da Grammar, NALRC Press, 2006,  .

Kamus

• .Harold Torrence: Tsarin Magana na Wolof: Haƙiƙa cikin Hagu . Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2013.
• Omar Ka: Wolof phonology and Morphology . Jami'ar Press ta Amurka, Lanham, Maryland, 1994,  .
• Mamadou Cissé: "Aron hoto da haƙiƙanin Afirka" a cikin Revue du Musée National d'Ethnologie d'Osaka, Japan, Yuni 2000.
• Mamadou Cissé: "Revisiter 'La grammaire de la langue wolof' d'A. Kobes (1869), ou étude critique d'un pan de l'histoire de la grammaire du wolof .", in Sudlangues Sudlangues.sn, Fabrairu 2005
• Mc Laughlin, Fiona. "Senegal: Wolof birni a da da yanzu." A cikin Yarukan Tuntuɓar Birane da Canjin Harshe, shafi na 47-65. Rana, 2022.
• Leigh Swigart: Lambobi biyu ko ɗaya? The insiders 'view and the description of codeswitching in Dakar, in Carol M. Eastman, Codeswitching. Clevedon/Philadelphia: Abubuwan Harsuna da yawa,  .
• Carla Unseth: "Harkokin Wasili a cikin Wolof" a cikin Takardun lokaci-lokaci a cikin Linguistics da aka Aiwatar. Na 7, 2009.
• Fiona McLaughlin: "Dakar Wolof da tsarin asalin birni", Journal of African Cultural Studies 14/2, 2001, p. 153-172
• Gabriele Aïscha Bichler: "Bejo, Curay und Bin-bim? Die Sprache und Kultur der Wolof im Senegal (mit angeschlossenem Lehrbuch Wolof)", Europäische Hochschulschriften Band 90, Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe, Frankfurt am Main, Jamus 2003,  .
• Robert, Stéphane & Rialland, Annie . 2001. Tsarin innation na Wolof. Harsuna 39, 893-939. doi/10.1515/ling.2001.038/html

Takardun hukuma

• Gwamnatin Senegal, Décret n° 71-566 du 21 mai 1971 relatif à la transcription des langues nationales, modifié par décret n° 72-702 du 16 juin 1972.
• Gwamnatin Senegal, Décrets n ° 75-1026 du 10 Oktoba 1975 et n ° 85-1232 du 20 Nuwamba 1985 relatifs à l'orthographe et à la séparation des mots en wolof.
• Gwamnatin Senegal, Décret n° 2005-992 du 21 octobre 2005 relatif à l'orthographe et à la séparation des mots en wolof.

• Albarkatun Wolof (Mofeko, Omotola Akindipe & Joanna Senghore), Mafi girman albarkatun kan layi don koyan Wolof (tare da tasirin Gambiya)
• Easy wolof (iPhone aikace-aikace)
• Archived Harshen Wolof Archived 2008-06-02 at the Wayback Machine </link>
• Jagoran Jagora don Koyan Harshen Wolof
• Wolof Online
• Kamus na Faransanci-Wolof-Faransa ana samun sashi a Littattafan Google.
• PanAfrican L10n shafi akan Wolof
• OSAD spécialisee dans l'éducation nonformelle et l'édition des Ouvrages en Langues nationales Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine Archived </link>

1. ↑ Encyclopedia of African Literature, p 801