परजीवी सूची (मानव)
| यह सम्पूर्ण पृष्ठ या इसके कुछ अनुभाग हिन्दी के अतिरिक्त अन्य भाषा(ओं) में भी लिखे गए हैं। आप इनका करके विकिपीडिया की सहायता कर सकते हैं। |
अन्त:परजीवी (Endoparasites)
संपादित करेंप्रोटोजोवा
संपादित करें| जन्तु या उससे उत्पन्न रोग का नाम | लैटिन नाम (sorted) | शरीर का प्रभावित अंग/भाग | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | स्रोत/ प्रसार (Reservoir/ Vector) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Babesiosis | Babesia B. divergens, B. bigemina, B. equi, B. microfti, B. duncani | red blood cells | Giemsa-stained thin blood smear | New York, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket (different species have worldwide distribution) | tick bites |
| Balantidiasis | Balantidium coli | intestinal mucosa | stool | ||
| Blastocystosis | Blastocystis | intestinal | direct microscopy of stool (PCR, anti body) | 2 - 20% of population | eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal |
| Coccidia | Cryptosporidium | intestines | stool | widespread | |
| Dientamoebiasis | Dientamoeba fragilis | intestines | stool | up to 10% in industrialized countries | ingesting water or food contaminated with feces |
| Amoebiasis | Entamoeba histolytica | Intestines | stool | areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions | feco-oral transmission |
| Giardia | Giardia lamblia | lumen of the small intestine | stool | widespread | ingestion of dormant cysts in fecal contaminated water or food |
| Isosporiasis | Isospora belli | epithelial cells of small intestines | stool | worldwide - less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium | fecal oral route |
| Leishmaniasis | Leishmania | cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral | visual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain | Visceral leishmaniasis- Worldwide; Cutaneous leishmaniasis - Old World; Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - New World | Phlebotomus - bite of several species of nocturnal phlebotomus sandflies |
| Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)[1][2] | Naegleria fowleri | brain | culture | rare but deadly | Nasal insufflation of contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs, soil |
| Malaria | Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae | red blood cells | Blood film | tropical - 250 million cases/year | Anopheles mosquito, bites at night |
| Rhinosporidiosis | Rhinosporidium seeberi | nose, nasopharynx | reservoir water and soil | India and Sri Lanka | nasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds |
| Toxoplasmosis - Parasitic pneumonia | Toxoplasma gondii | eyes, brain, heart, liver | blood and PCR | widespread - up to one third of all humans | ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma bradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old |
| Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas vaginalis | female urogenital tract (males asymptomatic) | microscopic examination of genital swab | 7.4 million Americans | sexually transmitted disease |
| Sleeping sickness | Trypanosoma brucei | blood lymph and central nervous systems | microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow | 50,000 to 70,000 people | tsetse fly, bites at night |
| Chagas disease | Trypanosoma cruzi | colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood | Giemsa stain - blood | Mexico, Central America, South America - 16-18 million | Triatoma/Reduviidae - Insect Vector, bites at night |
कृमि
संपादित करें| Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm | Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus | lungs, small intestine, blood | stool | common in tropical, warm, moist climates | penetration of skin by L3 larva |
| Roundworm - Parasitic pneumonia | Ascaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoides | Intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Löffler's syndrome | stool | common in tropical and subtropical regions | |
| Roundworm | Baylisascaris Baylisascaris procyonis, Baylisascaris melis, Baylisascaris transfuga, Baylisascaris columnaris, Baylisascaris devosi, Baylisascaris laevis | depending on species: ingestion of material contaminated by stool from raccoons, badgers, bears, otters, martens | |||
| Brugia malayi, Brugia timori | lymph nodes | blood samples | tropical regions of Asia | Arthropods | |
| Tapeworm - Tapeworm infection | Cestoda | intestine | stool | rare | |
| Clonorchiasis | Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini | ||||
| Dicrocoelium dendriticum | gall bladder | rare | ingestion of ants | ||
| Diphyllobothriasis - tapeworm | Diphyllobothrium latum | intestines, blood | stool (microscope) | Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile | ingestion of raw fresh water fish |
| Guinea worm - Dracunculiasis | Dracunculus medinensis | subcutaneous tissues, muscle | skin blister/ulcer | sub-Saharan Africa, arid regions | |
| Echinococcosis - tapeworm | Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus | liver, lungs, kidney, spleen | imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen | Mediterranean countries | as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore |
| Echinostoma echinatum | small intestine | Far East | ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails | ||
| Liver fluke - Fasciolosis[3] | Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica | liver, gall blader | stool | Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species | freshwater snails |
| Fasciolopsiasis - intestinal fluke[4] | Fasciolopsis buski | intestines | stool or vomitus (microscope) | East Asia - 10 million people | ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails) |
| Gnathostomiasis[5] | Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidum | subcutaneous tissues (under the skin) | physical examination | rare - Southeast Asia | ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (eg, freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water |
| Hymenolepiasis[6] | Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta | ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, meal worms, cockroaches | |||
| Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellings | Loa loa filaria | Connective tissue, lungs, eye | blood (Giemsa, haematoxylin, eosin stain) | rain forest of West Africa - 12-13 million people | Tabanidae - horse fly, bites in the day |
| Mansonelliasis, Filariasis | Mansonella streptocerca | subcutaneous layer of skin | insect | ||
| Metagonimiasis - intestinal fluke | Metagonimus yokogawai | stool | Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain | ingestion of undercooked or salted fish | |
| Chinese Liver Fluke | Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis | bile duct | 1.5 million people in Russia | consuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish | |
| Paragonimiasis, Lung Fluke | Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus; Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis | lungs | sputum, feces | East Asia | ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans |
| Anisakiasis[7] | Anisakis | allergic reaction | biopsy | incidental host | ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus |
| Pinworm - Enterobiasis | Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii | intestines, anus | stool; tape test around anus | widespread; temperate regions | |
| Whipworm | Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis | large intestine, anus | stool (eggs) | common worldwide | accidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces |
| Trichinosis | Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativa | muscle, periorbital region, small intestine | blood | more common in developing countries due to improved feeding practices in developed countries. | ingestion of undercooked pork |
| ElephantiasisLymphatic filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti | lymphatic system | thick blood smears stained with hematoxylin. | Tropical and subtropical | mosquito, bites at night |
| River blindness | Onchocerca volvulus, Onchocerciasis | skin, eye, tissue | bloodless skin snip | Africa, Yemen, Central and South America near cool, fast flowing rivers | Simulium/Black fly, bite during the day |
| Schistosomiasis - bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever | Schistosoma mansoni - intestinal schistosomiasis; Schistosoma haematobium - urinary schistosomiasis; Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi - Asian intestinal schistosomiasis | Schistosoma haematobium - kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin; Schistosoma mansoni/Schistosoma japonicum - intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin | Schistosoma haematobium - urine; Schistosoma mansoni/Schistosoma japonicum - stool | Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East - 200 million people | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neritoidea - fresh water snails |
| Sparganosis | Spirometra erinaceieuropaei | ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat feces (humans: dead-end host) | |||
| Strongyloidiasis - Parasitic pneumonia | Strongyloides stercoralis | Intestines, lungs, skin (Larva currens) | stool, blood | skin penetration | |
| Beef tapeworm | Taenia saginata | Intestines | stool | worldwide distribution | ingestion of undercooked beef |
| Pork tapeworm | Taenia solium | ingestion of undercooked pork | |||
| Toxocariasis | Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati | liver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis - Visceral larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans) | blood, ocular examination | worldwide distribution | pica, unwashed food contamined with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken |
| Swimmer's itch | Trichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidae | skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates) | |||
| Dioctophyme renalis infection | Dioctophyme renale | kidneys (typically the right) | Urine | Worldwide | Ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish |
अन्य जीव
संपादित करें| Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| parasitic worm | Archiacanthocephala | ||||
| Myiasis | Oestroidea, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae | dead or living tissue |
वाह्य परजीवी (Ectoparasites)
संपादित करें| जन्तु या उससे उत्पन्न रोग का नाम | वैज्ञानिक नाम (sorted) | शरीर का प्रभावित भाग/अंग | नैदानिक नमूना (Diagnostic specimen) | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bedbug | Cimicidae Cimex lectularius | skin | visual | sharing of clothing and bedding | |
| Head louse - Pediculosis | Pediculus humanus | hair follicles | visual identification under magnification | head-to-head contact | |
| Body louse - Pediculosis | Pediculus humanus corporis | visual identification under magnification (Vagabond's disease) | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding | ||
| Crab louse - Pediculosis | Phthirus pubis | pubic area, eye lashes | visual identification under magnification | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding | |
| Scabies | Sarcoptes scabiei | skin | microscopy of surface scrapings | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding |
सन्दर्भ
संपादित करें- ↑ Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy Archived 2009-12-10 at the वेबैक मशीन Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct; accessed Jan 2009
- ↑ Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical UniversityDomachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad A Louisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria Archived 2009-09-19 at the वेबैक मशीन eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009
- ↑ Yılmaza, Hasan; Gödekmerdan, Ahmet Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey Archived 2010-12-23 at the वेबैक मशीन doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis Archived 2009-10-09 at the वेबैक मशीन
- ↑ Tolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis Archived 2009-03-03 at the वेबैक मशीन eMedicine, updated Feb 2008
- ↑ Tolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis Archived 2009-11-05 at the वेबैक मशीन eMedicine; updated Feb 2008
- ↑ "Anisakiasis". मूल से 9 अक्तूबर 2009 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 7 सितंबर 2009.
- A List of Human Intestinal Parasites accessed May 2008
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