Herbertus Spencer
Herbertus Spencer (Derbiae 27 Aprilis 1820—Brightoniae Sussexiae 8 Decembris 1903) fuit philosophus, biologus, anthropologus, et sociologus Anglicus, ac prominens theorista politica liberalis classicus aevi Victoriani.
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Spencer excogitavit amplissumam notionem evolutionis ut progressus mundi physici, organismorum biologicorum, mentis humanae, et culturae humanae, et societatum humanarum. Qui "evolutionem studiose exposuit," et etiam "de evolutione ante Darwin scripserat."[1] Polymathes permultas investigavit res, inter quas erant ethica, religio, anthropologia, oeconomica, ratio politica, philosophia, litterae, biologia, sociologia, et psychologia. Iam vivus auctoritatem miram habebat, praecipue in academia Anglicoloquente: "Solus philosophus Anglicus qui quasi talem popularitatem divulgatam habebat fuit Bertrandus Russell, et tum saeculo vicensimo."[2][3] Spencer "unice praeclarissimus Europaeus ultimis decennis saeculi undevicensimi intellegens" fuit,[4][5] sed eius gratia post 1900 acriter defecit: "Quis legit Spencer nunc?"[6] rogavit Talcott Parsons anno 1937.[7]
Innotuit Spencer locutione salus aptissimi,[8][9] quam excogitavit et primum divulgavit in libro Principles of Biology (1864), postquam Caroli Darwin commentarios On the Origin of Species legerat.[10][11] Hoc vocabulum selectionem naturalem valide significat, sed cum Spencer evolutionem in provincias sociologiae et ethicae extenderet, Lamarckismo etiam utebatur.[1]
Fontes primarii
recensere- Chartae Herberti Spencer in Senate House Library Universitatis Londiniensis, archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk
- Plurimi ex libris Spenceranis, editio interretialis:
- "On The Proper Sphere of Government" (1842)
- Social Statics: or, The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed (1851)
- "The Right to Ignore the State," capitulum 19 ex prima editione Social Statics
- Social Statics: Abridged and Revised (1892)
- "A Theory of Population" (1852)
- Principles of Psychology (1855), prima editio, in uno volumine impressa
- Education (1861)
- System of Synthetic Philosophy, in decem voluminibus
- First Principles, ISBN 0-89875-795-9 (1862)
- 'Principles of Biology (1864, 1867; retractata et amplificata: 1898), in duobus voluminibus
- Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Biology; Pars II: The Inductions of Biology; Pars III: The Evolution of Life; Appendices
- Volume II: Pars IV: Morphological Development; Pars V: Physiological Development; Pars VI: Laws of Multiplication; Appendices
- Principles of Psychology (1870, 1880), in duobus voluminibus
- Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Psychology; Pars II: The Inductions of Psychology; Pars III: General Synthesis; Pars IV: Special Synthesis; Pars V: Physical Synthesis; Appendix
- Volumen II: Pars VI: Special Analysis; Pars VII: General Analysis; Pars VIII: Congruities; Pars IX: Corollaries
- Principles of Sociology, in tribus voluminibus
- Volumen I (1874–75; amplificatum 1876, 1885): Pars I: Data of Sociology; Pars II: Inductions of Sociology; Pars III: Domestic Institutions
- Volumen II: Para IV: Ceremonial Institutions (1879); Para V: Political Institutions (1882); Para VI [in nonnullis editionibus]: Ecclesiastical Institutions (1885)
- Volumen III: Pars VI [in nonnullis editionibus]: Ecclesiastical Institutions (1885); Pars VII: Professional Institutions (1896); Pars VIII: Industrial Institutions (1896); Referentiae
- The Principles of Ethics (1897), in duobus voluminibus
- Volumen I: Pars I: The Data of Ethics (1879); Pars II: The Inductions of Ethics (1892); Pars III: The Ethics of Individual Life (1892); Referentiae
- Volumen II: Pars IV: The Ethics of Social Life: Justice (1891); Pars V: The Ethics of Social Life: Negative Beneficence (1892); Pars VI: The Ethics of Social Life: Positive Beneficence (1892); Appendices
- The Study of Sociology (1873, 1896)
- An Autobiography (1904), in duobus voluminibus
- Spencer, Herbert. 1904. An Autobiography. D. Appleton and Company
- v1 Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer by David Duncan (1908)
- v2 Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer by David Duncan (1908)
- Descriptive Sociology; or Groups of Sociological Facts, parts 1–8, a Spencer classificata et ordinata, compilata et descripta a David Duncan, Richard Schepping, et James Collier (Londinii, Williams & Norgate, 1873–1881).
- Congeries commentariorum
- Illustrations of Universal Progress: A Series of Discussions (1864, 1883)
- The Man versus the State (1884)
- Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative (1891), in tribus voluminibus:
- Volumen I ("The Development Hypothesis," "Progress: Its Law and Cause," "The Factors of Organic Evolution," et alii commentarii)
- Volumen II ("The Classification of the Sciences", "The Philosophy of Style" (1852), "The Origin and Function of Music," "The Physiology of Laughter," et alii commentarii)
- Volumen III ("The Ethics of Kant," "State Tamperings With Money and Banks," "Specialized Administration," "From Freedom to Bondage," "The Americans," et alii commentarii)
- Various Fragments (1897, amplificata 1900)
- Facts and Comments (1902)
Iudicia philosophorum
recensere- George, Henry. 1892. A Perplexed Philosopher.
- James, William. 1878. Remarks on Spencer's Definition of Mind as Correspondence.
- Lafargue, Paul. 1884. A Few Words with Mr Herbert Spencer.
- Royce, Josiah. 1904. Herbert Spencer: An Estimate and Review.
- Sidgwick, Henry. 1902. Lectures on the Ethics of T. H. Green, Mr. Herbert Spencer, and J. Martineau.
- Ward, Lester F. 1894. Spencer-smashing at Washington.
Nexus interni
- Henricus Bergson
- Augustus Comte
- Darwinismismus
- Darwinismus socialis
- Aemilius Durkheim
- Geolibertarianismus
- Auberon Herbert
- Thomas Henricus Huxley
- Ioannes Baptista Lamarck
- Georgius Henricus Lewes
- Ioannes London
- Ioannes Stuart Mill
- Organicismus
- Paradigma
- Carolus Sanders Peirce
- Positivismus
- Murray Rothbard
- Henricus Sidgwick
- Gulielmus Graham Sumner
- Yan Fu
Notae
recensere- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Riggenbach 2011.
- ↑ Anglice: "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell and that was in the 20th century."
- ↑ Richards 2010.
- ↑ Anglice: "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" (Eriksen et Nielsen 2001:37).
- ↑ "Spencer became the most famous philosopher of his time" (Tischler 2010:12).
- ↑ Anglice: "Who now reads Spencer?"
- ↑ Parsons 1968:3; attingens C. Crane Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Londinii: Benn, 1933).
- ↑
Fons nominis Latini desideratur (addito fonte, hanc formulam remove)
- ↑ Anglice: "survival of the fittest."
- ↑ "Letter 5145 – Darwin, C. R. to Wallace, A. R., 5 July (1866)". Darwin Correspondence Project.
- ↑ Maurice E. Stucke. "Better Competition Advocacy" (PDF)
Bibliographia
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- Carneiro, Robert L., et Perrin, Robert G. 2002. Herbert Spencer's Principles of Sociology: a Centennial Retrospective and Appraisal. Annals of Science 59(3):221–261.
- Duncan, David. 1908. The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. Editio interretialis.
- Elliot, Hugh. 1917. Herbert Spencer. Londinii: Constable and Company, Ltd.
- Elwick, James. 2003. Herbert Spencer and the Disunity of the Social Organism. History of Science 41:35–72.
- Elliott, Paul. 2003. Erasmus Darwin, Herbert Spencer and the Origins of the Evolutionary Worldview in British Provincial Scientific Culture. Isis 94:1–29.
- Eriksen, Thomas, et Finn Nielsen. 2001. A history of anthropology.
- Francis, Mark. 2007. Herbert Spencer and the Invention of Modern Life. Novi Castelli: Acumen Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-4590-6.
- Harris, Jose. 2004. Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
- Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2004. Social Darwinism in Anglophone Academic Journals: A Contribution to the History of the Term. Journal of Historical Sociology 17:428.
- Hofstadter, Richard. 1944, 1992. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Bostoniae: Beacon Press.ISBN 0-8070-5503-4.
- Kennedy, James Gettier. 1978. Herbert Spencer. Bostoniae: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-6688-X.
- Mandelbaum, Maurice. 1971. History, Man, and Reason: A Study in Nineteenth-century Thought. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Offer, John, ed. 2000. Herbert Spencer: critical assessments. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18184-4 (vol. 1), 0415181852 (vol. 2), 0415181860 (vol. 3), 0415181879 (vol. 4), 0415181836 (omnia volumina in capsa)
- Parsons, Talcott. 1937, 1968. The Structure of Social Action. Novi Eboraci: Free Press, 1968.
- Perrin, Robert G. 1993. Herbert Spencer: a primary and secondary bibliography. Novi Eboraci: Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-4597-1.
- Rafferty, Edward C. The Right to the Use of the Earth: Herbert Spencer, the Washington Intellectual Community, and American Conservation in the Late Nineteenth Century. PDF.
- Richards, Peter. 2010. Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinist or Libertarian Prophet? Mises Institute, 4 Novembris.
- Richards, Robert J. 1987. Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press.
- Riggenbach, Jeff. 2011. "The Real William Graham Sumner." Mises Institute.
- Smith, George H. 2008. Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903). In The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism, ed. Ronald Hamowy, 483–485. Thousand Oaks Californiae: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. OCLC 750831024.
- Stewart, Iain. 2011. Commandeering Time: The Ideological Status of Time in the Social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer. Australian Journal of Politics and History 57:389.
- Taylor, Michael W. 1992. Men versus the State: Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
- Taylor, Michael W. 2007. The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer. Londinii: Continuum.
- Tischler, Henry L. 2010. Introduction to Sociology.
- Turner, Jonathan H. 1985. Herbert Spencer: A Renewed Appreciation. Sage Publications. ISBN 0-8039-2426-7.
- Versen, Christopher R. 2006. Optimistic Liberals: Herbert Spencer, the Brooklyn Ethical Association, and the Integration of Moral Philosophy and Evolution in the Victorian Trans-Atlantic Community. Florida State University.
Opera Spenceriana
recensere- Duncan, David. 1908. The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer. Editio interretialis.
- Spencer, Herbert. 1993. Spencer: Political Writings, ed. John Offer. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought.
- Spencer, Herbert. Social Statics: The Man Versus the State
- Spencer, Herbert. The Study of Sociology. Editio interretialis.
- Spencer, Herbert. The Principles of Psychology. Editio interretialis.
- Spencer, Herbert. 1896. Social Statics, Abridged and Revised: Together with the Man Versus the State. Editio interretialis.
- Spencer, Herbert. 1891. Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical. Editio interretialis.
- Spencer, Herbert. 1905. An Autobiography. 2 vol. Editio interretialis.
Nexus externi
recensere![]() | Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Herbertum Spencer spectant. |
![]() | Vicicitatio habet citationes quae ad Herbertus Spencer spectant. |
- Sweet, William. Herbert Spencer. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Materiae de Herberto Spencer. www.bolenderinitiatives.com
- Fontes
- Opera auctore "Herbert Spencer" apud gutenberg.org reperta
- Opera Herberty Spencer, oll.libertyfund.org (Online Library of Liberty)
- On Moral Education, mises.org, in Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought impressus (vere 1966)
- First principles, etext.lib.virginia.edu (Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library)
- First Principles, praxeology.net
- "The Right to Ignore the State," www.constitution.org
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