Участник:AdmiralHood/Динозавришница

Одна из наиболее известных находок переходных видов, берлинский экземпляр археоптерикса (Archaeopteryx lithographica[англ.]*)

В данной статье приведён примерный перечень ископаемых переходных форм, то есть останков существ, которые демонстрируют примитивные черты по сравнению с наиболее развитыми представителями своего таксона. Окаменелости перечислены в определённой последовательности, показывая переход от одной таксономической группы к другой и представляя значительные шаги в эволюции основных черт живых организмов в различных эволюционных линиях. Эти изменения часто представляют собой серьезные изменения в анатомии, связанные с образом жизни, например, приобретение оперённых крыльев птицами или ног тетраподами. Как отмечал ещё Дарвин, палеонтологическая летопись страдает опеределённой неполнотой[1].

В идеале этот список должен включать в себя только «истинные» переходные окаменелости, представляющие прямых предков, из которых далее развились известные таксономические группы. Однако большинство представленных здесь находок являются вымершими боковыми ветвями, более или менее тесно связанными с настоящими предковыми видами[2]. Все они также включают уникальные черты, характерные для своих эволюционных линий. Ископаемые, демонстрирующие небольшое количество таких уникальных черт, называются «переходными». Если же ископаемое имеет множество уникальных черт, не наблюдаемых ни в предковых, ни в производных группах, оно определяется как «промежуточное». Поскольку все виды всегда подвергаются естественному отбору, сам термин «переходное ископаемое» не является корректным. Однако это часто используемый термин и полезная концепция в эволюционной биологии. Окаменелости, представленные в списке, отражают важные шаги в развитии основных функций организмов в различных эволюционных линиях и в этом смысле соответствуют общепринятой интерпретации этого термина.

Эволюционная линия Наутилоидеи?!Аммониты?!
Возраст
(млн. лет)
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
>500

Надотряд:

Файл:Silurian Orthoceras Fossilcro 2.JPG
390

Отряд:

370

Подкласс:

Эволюционная линия [[Головоногие]
Возраст
(млн. лет)
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
296

Род:

Самый ранний известный осьминог
164

Род:

Примитивный осьминог
165–164

Род:

Ранний Vampyromorphida[англ.]*
89-71

Род:

Примитивный осьминогФайл:Palaeoctopus newboldi.jpg
Эволюционная линия Насекомые
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
400

Род:

Древнейшее известное насекомое

400

Род:

Ранний springtail.

300

Род:

Предок тараканов, mantids и термитов.

316.5

Род:

Примитивный таракан

140

Род:

Древнейший известный Lepidopteran.

92

Род:

Древнейший известный вид пчёл

80

Род:

Древнейший известный вид муравьёв.

56 - 34

Род:

First leaf insect from the fossil record.
The Spider[англ.]
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
390

Род:

Долгое время считался древнейшим пауком
165

Род:

Древнейший известный haplogyne паук.
Эволюционная линия БеспозвоночныеРыбы
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
523

Род:

Ланцетникоподобное животное. Древнейший известный предок позвоночных

Черты позвоночных:

504

Class:

Имел лучи плавников, мышцы в форме шеврона и хорду
530

Род:

Предположительно имел череп и, таким образом, относился к черепным[3]
480–470

Род:

Бесчелюстная рыбаХорошо бронированная бесчелюстная рыба, похожая на большого головастика
422-412

Род:

Анапсида, предок челюстноротых[4]Беспанцирная чашуйчатая бесчелюстная рыба
419

Род:

Древнейшая известная костная рыба[5]
Эволюционная линия Хрящевые рыбы
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
370

Род:

Ранняя примитивная акула
70 - 65

Род:

Ранний пилорылый скат
99 – 65

Род:

Ранний скат.Файл:Cyclobatisjor 1.JPG
Эволюционная линия Костные рыбы
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
420

Род:

Древнейшая известная Actinopterygiian.

???

Род:

Ранний предок камбалообразных, один глаз смещён к центральной линии тела
48 – 37

Род:

Древнейшая известная настоящая камбала
183.7–125.0

Род:

Одна из первых костистых рыб.
99 – 93

Род:

Древнейший известный угорь.
13

Род:

Один из древнейших известных морских коньков
13

Род:

Один из древнейших известных морских коньков
83 - 70

Род:

Древнейший известный lamprid fish
56 - 34

Род:

Примитивный sunfish
58 - 55

Род:

Древнейший известный member of the catfish family Callichthyidae.
56 - 34

Род:

Примитивный rabbitfish.
48 - 37

Род:

Примитивный perch
58 - 55

Род:

Примитивный pomfret
48 - 40

Род:

An early handfish
48 - 40

Род:

Древнейший известный ostraciid boxfish
48 - 40

Род:

Древнейший известный aracanid boxfish
48 - 40

Род:

A basal surgeonfish
48 - 40

Род:

Примитивный monodactylid moonyfish
48 - 40

Род:

Примитивный monodactylid moonyfish
48 - 40

Род:

A short-snouted ancestor of the modern Moorish Idol.
83 - 65

Род:

Примитивный member of the Tetraodontidae
83 - 65

Род:

Примитивный Perciforme
58 - 55

Род:

Примитивный member of the Zeidae
58 - 55

Род:

Примитивный member of the Zeidae
???

Род:

Примитивный member of the Ichthyodectidae
65

Род:

Примитивный tetraodontid
Эволюционная линия Fish?!Tetrapods[англ.]
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
416-359

Род:

An early member of the Tetrapodomorpha, the piscine line leading to tetrapods, Osteolepis?! is generalised enough to give a fair approximation of the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish.[6]FishA small to medium sized sarcopterygian fish with internal nostrils and pectoral fins stiffened by bony components broadly homologous to the humerus and radius/ulna found in tetrapods.[6]Файл:Osteolepiscrolepidotus.jpg
385

Род:

Belonging to the family Tristichopteridae, a family that form a sister group to Panderichthys[англ.] and the tetrapods.[6]Though not on the evolutionary path to tetrapods, Eusthenopteron is of fairly general build and is very well known, serving as an iconic model organism in tetrapod evolution.[7]A medium sized,inly pelagic fish, Eusthenopteron[англ.]*inly use the pectoral and pelvic fins for navigation, and the tail for propulsion.[7] The fin was of diphycercal, foreshadowing the straightening of the spine and the evolution of a contiguous fin in fish like Panderichthys[англ.]
380

Род:

Very close to the origin of tetrapods, a "fishapod" elpistostegalian.[6]FishA large, predatory shallow water fish. As common in shallow water fish, the pectoral and pelvic fins were flexible and paddle-like for propulsion.[8] The dorsal and anal fins are lost, the tail fin contiguous.[9] The spiracles were short and wide, indication large amount of oxygen were taken up by the lungs rather than through the gills.[10]
375

Род:

A "fishapod" more tetrapod-like than Panderichthys[англ.].[6]A fish, transitional between fish and the early, fish-like labyrinthodonts.[11][12]"Fish" with stout, fleshy pectoral fins with a joint between the innermost and the two next bony elements, corresponding to the elbow in higher tetrapods. The cleithrum bone was free of the skull, functioning as anchoring for the pectoral fins, and at the same time allowing for movement of the neck.[12][13]
368

Род:

Analysis of the cranialterial shows it was more advanced than Tiktaalik[англ.]*, and together with Obruchevichthys[англ.] form a sister group to the higher tetrapods.[14]A fairly fragmentary find, Elginerpeton straddles the fish/tetrapod divide with a mosaic of features resembling Panderichthys[англ.], Ichthyostega[англ.]* and Hynerpeton[англ.]*.[14] Probably one of the "fishapods".[15]Though fragmentary, the find includes a shoulder blade (Cleitrum bone) as well as elements of the limbs, which shows it had comparable limbs Ichthyostega[англ.]* and Hynerpeton[англ.]*, indicating feet rather than fins.
365

Род:

Known only from fragmentary remains, mostly a lower jaw, Ventastega is morphologically midway between Tiktaalik[англ.]* and Acanthostega[англ.]*/Ichthyostega[англ.]*.[16]Possibly oldest animal to have feet rather than fins.[16]A large, dorso-ventrally flattened predatory fish with a well armoured labyrinthodont-like skull. While the fins themselves has not been found, the shoulder girdle is essentially similar to that of Acanthostega, indicating it too had feet rather than fins.[16]
365

Род:

Together with Ichthyostega[англ.]* the sole early labyrinthodont known from fairly complete skeletons. It is the oldest animal known to have feet rather than fins, thusking it a true tetrapod and Древнейший известный unquestionable ichthyostegalian.[17]First known animal with toes rather than fins. The feet were broad and paddle-like, adapted for movement in water.[18] It retained functional gills in adulthood, behind a fleshy operculum.
365

Род:

Fairly closely related to Acanthostega[англ.]*. It possibly represent an early (and ultimately unsuccessful) line adapted to moving on land by inchworm-like movements.Together with Acanthostega the sole early labyrinthodont known from fairly complete skeletons.Early labyrinthodont with polydactylous, paddle-like feet and reinforced vertebrae and neural spines. It probably spent time on land, yet retained gills and a tail with fin rayes.
360

Род:

While known only from fragmentary remains, it is more advanced than Ichthyostega[англ.]*.Early labyrinthodont amphibianA large, basically salamander-like creature. The shoulder girdle was powerful, indicating it was a competent walker.[19]
???

Род:

An advanced ichthyostegalian, it straddle the divide between the fish-like Devonian forms and the more advanced Carboniferous amphibians. It has been suggested it is an early reptil-like amphibian.[20]A large animal with paddle-like six-toed feet. It did however not have gills in adulthood, and is thus the oldest labyrinthodont known to depend entirely on breathing with its lungs.[21]
359 - 345

Род:

Hailing from the fossil-poor Romer's Gap, Pederpesy be ancestral to the higher labyrinthodonts.Intermediate between the earlier Ichthyostegalian and the later, more advanced labyrinthodonts.Despite an extra toe on the forelimbs, Pederpes had limbs that terminated in feet adapted primarely for walking rather than paddles for combined swimming and walking like the earlier groups.[22]
295

Род:

The Temnospondyli are derived paleozoic amphibians, possibly ancestral to modern amphibiansA "classical" temnospondyl, an advanced labyrinthodont group.One of the best known labyrinthodonts, Eryops combines the large, flat skull and short limbs typical of the group.
Эволюционная линия Labyrinthodontia[англ.]*Lissamphibia[англ.]*
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
290

Род:

Colloquially referred to as a "frogamander" due to this taxon being both chronologically and morphologically basal to both anurans and salamandersИдин из первых transitional fossils towards modern amphibians (Lissamphibia).[23]Primitive traits
  • Backbone with intermediate characteristics
  • Retains a fully developed tail

Derived traits

  • Bears a large space for a tympanic ear
  • Ankle bones are fused together like in salamanders
  • Lightly built wide skull as in frogs[23]

250

Род:

Intermediate between generalized amphibians and derived frogsEarly "almost frog" transitional amphibianPrimitive traits
  • Possessed short limbs and therefore was unable to hop, unlike all extant anurans
  • Retains fourteen vertebra unlike modern frogs who have four to nine vertebra
  • Tibia and fibula are not fused into a tibiofibula

Derived traits

  • Skull resembles that of modern anuran skull with a latticework of thin bones in skull

190

Род:

Another transitional form which could be properly classified as a frogAn intermediate form whichy replace Triadobatrachus as the "ultimate" ancestor of anuransPrimitive traits
  • Still possess relatively short limbs

Derived traits

  • Tail is greatly reduced
  • Does not have greatly enlarged legs, but shows some adaptations for hopping, such as a three-pronged pelvis
213-188

Род:

A derived fossil frog completing the series of transitional fossils between early amphibians and modern anuransThe oldest "true" frog[24]Primitive traits
  • Retains ten presacral vertebra

Derived traits

  • Hind legs are adapted for hopping

210

Род:

Intermediate between basal amphibians and caeciliansAn early caecilianPrimitive traits
  • Bears three-toed vestigial limbs
  • The size of the orbits indicates well developed eyes and suggest a non-subterranean lifestyle

Derived traits

  • The body has been adapted to a sort of serpentine shape

Amphibians to amniotes (early reptiles)

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Эволюционная линия Amphibians[англ.]Reptiles[англ.]
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
326 - 318

Род:

One of the early reptile-like amphibiansAmphibianA large, somewhat lizard-like labyrinthodont with a deep skull, laterally placed eyes and five digits to each foot.
???

Род:

The order Diadectomorpha is the sister group of the amniotes.The Limnoscelis was originally described as a "cotylosaur" (early reptiles) together with the other diadectomorphans. Today the large-bodied diadectomorphs are thought to have had a larval stage, falling close to, but just outside the amphibian/reptile divide.A large, predatory reptile-like amphibian. The limbs are extremely heavily built, indicating it fed on slow moving prey.
???

Род:

Uncertain phylogeny, possibly a Seymouriamorph or Diadectomorph[25][26]AmphibianA medium sized, probably herbivorious animal
350

Род:

Uncertain phylogenetic position. Westlothianay be a small-bodied diadectopmorph, falling just outside the amphibian/reptile divideOriginally described as the first reptile, it is now considered an advanced reptile-like amphibian.Small, probably insectovorious animal. The body and tail was long, the limbs small, somewhat like a modern skink.
320-305

Род:

Possibly allied to the Diadectomorpha, or belonging to a sister group to Diadectomorpha and Amniota[27]Likely an amphibian[27]Smallish, likely carnivorious.[28]
340

Род:

The fragmentary nature of the fossil (it lacks a cranium)kes an exact phylogenetic position hard to establish.Possibly the first animal with an amniote egg, and thus the first reptile.Small lizard-like animal, the first known tetrapod to possess claws, indicating it has reptilian type skin with scutes.[29]
315

Род:

One of several small, basal reptile generaReptileAn early anapsid reptile, considered to be ancestral to both the synapsid and sauropsid lines, and thus the oldest representative of the crown group amniotes.
312 - 304

Род:

One of several small, basal reptile generaReptile (most likely a sauropsid)An early anapsid reptile. In phylogenetic analysis it falls on the sauropsid side, it is thus likely a progenitor of the diapsids

Черепахи

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Эволюционная линия Turtle?!
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
220

Род:

Древнейший известный turtle.

210

Род:

164

Род:

An evolutionary bridge between early land turtles and sea turtles.

Эволюционная линия Lizard?!Snake?!
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
92

Род:

A transitional form between Cretaceous lizards and limbless snakes retaining distinct, if non-functional, legs.[30]
90

Род:

A basal snake with two hind-limbs.
The Lizard?!
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
61 - 58

Род:

Древнейший известный chameleon.
92

Род:

A basal mosasauroid from the Upper Cretaceous of North America.
71 - 82

Род:

One of the earliest Varanoidea.
146–100

Род:

An primitive iguanid
97–100

Род:

Древнейший известный gecko
Rhamphorhynchoidea[англ.]Pterodactyloidea[англ.]*
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
160

Род:

Basal to both rhamphorhynchoids and pterodactyloids
160

Genus

Шаблон:Expert-subject

Эволюционная линия Archosauria[англ.]*Dinosauria[англ.]* Series
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
???

Род:

Древнейший известный archosaur, Proterosuchus was one of the largest land reptile during the Early Triassic, about the size of to today's Komodo dragons. It looked somewhat crocodile-like, with sprawling legs, long jaws, powerful neck muscles and a long tail. A distinct proterosuchid trait is the peculiar hook-shaped mouth.

???

Род:

???

Род:

Древнейший известный animal on the dinosaur/pterosaur side of the archosaurian tree (the Ornithodira), dating to about 245 million years ago.[33]A small, lightly built animal. It had a fairly long neck (contrary to the short necked relatives of crocodiles), but ran on all four legs.
???

Род:

Known from a somewhat fragmentary find, Spondylosoma was possibly an early dinosaur, or near dinosaur.[34] It has however also been classified as a rauisuchian.[35]
228

Род:

A very early representative of the sauropod stem line or perhaps even the Saurischia as a whole.[36][37][38]A small (1 meter, ~ 10 kg) bipedal carnivore with numerous sharp teeth. It was a swift digigrade runner. The forelimbs were half the length of the hindlimbs and the hands had five fingers

Шаблон:Expert-subject

Эволюционная линия Dinosauria[англ.]*
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
228 to 216.5

Род:

Древнейший известный ornithischian.

216–200

Род:

The most primitive well-known representative of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs.
???

Род:

The oldest and most primitive known stegosaur.
???

Род:

A basal pachycephalosaur from the Barremian Stage of the Cretaceous.
160

Род:

A genus of basal ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Period of central Asia.
160

Род:

A genus of proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur, one of Древнейший известный examples of the lineage.
126

Род:

An early genus of therizinosaur
208–194

Род:

One of the most primitive thyreophorans.
130–125

Род:

A possible ancestor of the duck-billed dinosaurs.
???

Род:

Примитивный (basal) ornithomimosaur.
Эволюционная линия ДинозаврыПтицы
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
152-151

Род:

Primitive traits
  • Undifferentiated hind digits displaying no specialties for climbing
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Basic proto-feathers cover parts of the body for insulation
168-152

Род:

The find is represented only by a hind leg, but one that is very bird-like. It belonged to a small maniraptoran dinosaur with long, pennaceous feathers on its hind legs and (in all likelihood) arms.
161-151

Род:

Basal troodontidAlthough once classified as a bird, Anchiornis is now considered a basal troodontid which bears pennaceous, symmetrical feathers on all four limbs.Primitive traits
  • Wings symmetrical and rounded, probably not used for flight but instead insulation,ting displays, and gliding
  • Long legs overall morphology similar to that of other troodontids
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Flexible wrists which are more similar to aves than other theropods
  • Like birds and unlike troodontids, Anchiornis had arms nearly the same length as the hind legs
  • Bore primary and secondary pennaceous symmetrical wings on both arms, legs, toes, and wrist
150–145

Род:

Known for its mosaic of avian and theropod characteristics Archaeopteryx is both the first primitive bird in the fossil record and Идин из первых transitional fossils discovered.Traditionally seen as the first proper bird, though it is not directly ancestral to modern birds.[39] An excellent intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. Capable of gliding, but lacking alula and keel, it could likely not sustain powered flight.Primitive traits
  • Slower dinosaur-like growth rate
  • No keel
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Forelimbs have three unfused, clawed fingers, no alula
  • xilla and premaxilla bore unserrated teeth
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Fully developed asymmetrical flight feathers
  • Fused furcula from two joined clavicles
  • Backward and elongated pubis similar toniraptors, but not found in more primitive theropods
120

Род:

Found in the famous Liaoning province Confuciusornis is the first primitive bird with a pygostyle.With its short tail and toothless beak, Confuciusornis is very modern looking compared to Archaeopteryx[англ.]*. The toothless beak is however a case of convergent evolution, as more advanced birds retained teeth, illustration the sometimes confusing mosaic evolution of the dinosaur-bird transition.Primitive traits
  • Retained unfused clawed digits, no alula
  • Sideways-facing glenoid joint

Derived traits

  • Short tail with fused vertebrae at the end (pygostyle)
  • Larger sternum with a low primitive keel
  • Unlike other early birds Confuciusornis had a toothless beak
115

Род:

Primitive bird and possibly a descendant of "urvogels" like Archaeopteryx. First bird to possess an alula.Plesiomophic traits
  • Two unfused, functional digits remain on second and third digit

Derived traits

  • First digit bearing an alula rather than claw
93.5-75

Род:

Considered a close relative to the ancestor to modern birdsA flying bird found in several epochs in the late Cretaceous which still bore teeth, but in most respects very similar to Neornithes.Primitive traits
  • Numerous sharp teeth in much of the beak

Derived traits

  • Fused bones (metacarpals) II & III of the hand
  • Rigid ribcage with a well developed carina
  • No functional claws on the hand
  • Short childhood with distinct adult stage.[40]

Bird evolution

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Эволюционная линия Bird[англ.]*
Возраст,
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60-58

Род:

The earliest-known Penguin.

???

Род:

An early фламинго.
???

Род:

An early gaviiform.
55-48

Род:

An early psittacine.
???

Род:

A basal falconiform.
50

Род:

An early apodiform.
Эволюционная линия СинапсидыМлекопитающие
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
???

Род:

Known from very fragmentary finds, Protoclepsydropsy be the earlies synapsid (mammal-like reptile)A low-slung, lizard-like animal of moderate size.
306

Род:

The oldest undisputed synapsid (mammal-like reptile)Primitive traits
  • A relatively flat, reptile-like skull
  • Typically reptilian sprawling gait
  • Generally lizard-like proportions with a dorso-ventrally flattened body

Derived traits

297Род:Примитивный member of the Sphenacodontidae, or possibly just outside the group.[41][42]A pelycosaur-grade synapsidDerived traits
265

Род:

An advanced member of the family Sphenacodontidae, from which the therapsids (advanced synapsids) evolvedA pelycosaur-grade synapsid. At up to 4 meters, Dimetrodon was one of the largest animals of its time. The distinct sail of the backkes it the most recognized synapsid known

Primitive traits

  • Cold blooded metabolism dependent of external heat source (hence the "sail")[44]
  • Sprawling gait
  • No secondary palate
  • No enlarged side teeth in the lower jaw

Derived traits

  • Distinctly elongated 2nd and 3rd tooth on the maxilla, corresponding to the canine inmmals. The first canine generally longer than the second.[45]
  • Skull deep and narrow
  • Body overall deeper than in earlier forms
267

Род:

Примитивный therapsid. About the size of a large dog, Biarmosuchus was a lightly built and likely fairly agile animal for its size.[46]

Primitive traits

Derived traits

  • A single canine as the first tooth on the maxilla, all otherxillary teeth small
  • Tendency for an enlarged caninelike tooth on the dentary
  • Internal nostrils covered by a partial fleshy palate[48]
  • Enlarged temporal opening giving more powerful bite
248-245

Род:

205

Род:

125

Род:

An early crown groupmmal.
Эволюционная линия Млекопитающие
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
100–104

Род:

Древнейший известный monotreme.

125

Род:

The oldest metatherian known.

??

Род:

The earliest-known marsupial.

164-165

Род:

Древнейший известный eutherian[49]

63-50

Род:

Древнейший известный proboscidean.

60-55

Род:

The possible ancestor of the modern order Carnivora.

15.97–11.61

Род:

Древнейший известный cervid.

20-18

Род:

Древнейший известный bovid.

45-40

Род:

The oldest верблюд known, it was also the smallest.

???

Род:

Suspected to be the ancestor of modern tapirs and rhinoceroses.

55.4—48.6

Род:

Suspected to be the ancestor of modern tapirs.

38—33.9

Род:

Древнейший известный canid.

???

Род:

Древнейший известный lagomorph.

52.5

Род:

One of the two oldest known monospecific genera of bat.

2

Species:

Древнейший известный member of the giant panda clade.

63 - 61.7Ma

Род:

Believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes.
12.5-8.5

Род:

This genusy have been the ancestor to the modern orangutans.

16 - 8

Род:

Вероятный предок of living hippopotamids.
??

Род:

Древнейший известный true (and scaled) pangolin.
Эволюционная линия whale[англ.]
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
55.8 ± 0.2 - 33.9 ± 0.1

Род:

50

Род:

46

Род:

47

Род:

41-33

Род:

25

Род:

40-34

Род:

8-15

Род:

26

Род:

Эволюционная линия Sirenia[англ.]*
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
50

Род:

Примитивный sirenian.

40

Род:

???

Род:

48.6–33.9

Род:

An evolutionary bridge between primitive land-dwelling sirenians to aquatic sirenians

???

Род:

Evolution of the pinnipeds

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Эволюционная линия Pinniped[англ.]
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
21 to 24

Род:

Древнейший известный pinniped.

???

Род:

A very basal pinniped.
24-22

Род:

An early seal, but with more primitive skull and feet.

Эволюционная линия Hyracotherium[англ.]*Equus[англ.]
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
60-45

Род:

40-30

Род:

20

Род:

17-11

Род:

12

Род:

1.8-0

Род:

Эволюционная линия Человек
Возраст,
млн.лет
ТаксонОтношенияСтатусОписаниеФото
36-32

Род:

The oldest primitive monkey known in the fossil record, dating back before the split between Old and New world monkeys.Basal to both Old and New world monkeys.Primitive traits
  • Smaller canines than later monkeys such as Parapithecus[англ.]*
  • Retains some post-cranial characters seen in prosimians

Derived traits

  • Fusedndibular symphysis
  • Scapula similar to modern squirrel monkeys
  • Low rounded molar cusps rather than high cusps as is seen in tarsiers and strepsirrhine
33

Genus

A Miocene monkey which bridges the gap between the Eocene ancestors of Old world monkeys and Miocene ancestor of Hominoidea.Tentatively positioned transitional form prior to the Old world monkey/ape split.Primitive traits
  • Retained auditory features similar to Old world monkeys
  • Incapable of true brachiation unlike extant apes
  • Reduced capitular tail, but was proportionally smaller than Apidium?!

Derived traits

  • Ape-like teeth including broad, flat incisors and sexually dimorphic canines
  • A low sagittal keel and strong temporalis muscles
  • Increased size in the visual cortex
27-14

Genus

This primate exhibits very ape-like features like its teeth, but much of its post-cranial remains are more similar to monkeys.Universally accepted to be intermediate between 'ape-like monkeys' such as Aegyptopithecus and later apes including hominids.Primitive traits
  • Monkey-like wrist
  • Narrow, monkey-like illium

Derived traits

  • Completely lacked a fully formed tail
  • 5-Y pattern on lower molar cusps as also seen in hominoids
13

Род:

A European ape which is considered to be the predecessor of the great apes.Some objections have been raised to this fossils status due to its location in Spain, but Pierolapithecus is likely a transitional taxon between generalized apes and the lineage which led to great apes.Pleisomorphic traits
  • Relatively short fingers and walked in a similar quadrupedal fashion like baboons
  • Lacks adaptations for both gibbon-style brachaition as well as derived knuckle-walking like in chimpanzee's and gorilla's

Derived traits

  • Flat, wider rib cage like great apes for tree-climbing
  • The clavicle is large and similar to modern chimps suggesting a dorsally positioned scapula
4.4

Род:

A woodland hominid adapted to quadruped arboreal locomotion, but also for bipedalism.Intermediate between the last common ancestor of chimps and humans, and the australopithecines.Primitive traits
  • Brains smaller than later hominids ranging from about 300-350 cc
  • Foot thumb is not retracted into the foot as a 'big toe'
  • Phalanges are more heavily curved than in Australopithecus[англ.]*

Derived traits

  • Reduced size in canines, however still retained dimorphic characters
  • Hind leg dominant, bipedal locomotion while walking, however were quadrupedal while climbing trees
4.4-2.0

Род:

First known genus of fully bipedal apes which are probably ancestral to robust australopiths and the genus Homo[англ.]*.Intermediate between extinct quadrupedal and bipedal apes. While the relationship between some species are being revised, Australopithecus afarensis[англ.]* is considered to be, by most experts, the ancestor to all later hominids.Primitive traits
  • Some species retain a sagittal crest
  • Curved phalanges, indicating semi-arboreal lifestyle
  • Semisectorial premolar is present
  • Prognathic face to varying degrees

Derived traits

  • Fully bipedal as indicated byny features including the knee joint, hips, lumbar curve in the spine, position of the foramengnum, and feet
  • Increase in brain size ranging from about 375-500 cc
  • Development of a parabolic jaw
2.3-1.4

Вид:

An early human which is the morphological link between australopithecines and later human species.Perfect intermediate between early hominids and later humans, possibly ancestral to modern humans.Primitive traits
  • Pronounced brow ridge
  • Foramengnum is not positioned as anteriorly like in modern humans, giving a slightly semi-erect appearance
  • Although reduced in size the teeth are still fairly large

Derived traits

  • Increase brain size ranging from 510-800 cc
  • Face is slightly prognathic, but at a much steeper angle
  • Bulge in the Broca area, possibly the first hominid to use rudimentary speech
  • Associated with the first use of stone tools
2.0-1.0

Species:

Very successful hominid, which was probably ancestral to both modern humans and neanderthals. Probably the first hominid to leave and successfully colonize territories outside of Africa.Ancestral to modern humans and neanderthals.Primitive traits
  • Still retains a heavy brow ridge and nuchal torus
  • Lacked the complexity of modern human language, but does show increase in the Broca area
  • Thicker bones and larger teeth than modern humans

Derived traits

  • Rounder and larger brain (about 900-1100 cc) than H. habilis
  • Face is orthognathic compared to H. habilis
  • Probably lived in bands and was an active group hunter
  • Associated with advanced stone tools and possibly the first hominid to use and produce fire
500 Ka-recent

Species

Homo rhodesiensis was the immediate ancestor of modern humans which evidently displaced the neanderthals in Europe and the island 'hobbits' of southeast Asia. H. rhodesiensis evolved from Homo erectus[англ.]* about half a million years ago but still retains some primitive characteristics such as relatively thick bones and molars larger than modern humans.Ancestral to modern humans.Primitive traits
  • Large teeth
  • Heavy brow ridge
  • Extremely robust build in most groups

Derived traits

  • Rounder, less broad based cranium
  • Larger brain size, approaching (and sometimes exceeding) modern values

References

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates